Table 2.

Competing risks regression results showing the COVID-19 impact on receipt of surgery in 9 months after first chemotherapy for patients first treated with chemotherapy.

Variables	sHR	95% CI	p-Value
Univariable model
Cancer diagnosis in the pandemic vs. pre-pandemic a	1.25	1.18–1.32	<0.01
Multivariable model
Cancer diagnosis in the pandemic vs. pre-pandemic	1.07	1.02–1.13	0.01
Age at cancer diagnosis, each 10-year increase	0.83	0.82–0.84	<0.01
Females vs. males	1.00	0.92–1.08	0.93
Immigrants vs. non-immigrants	1.04	0.99–1.08	0.14
Material deprivation (vs. 5—most deprived) b
1—Least deprived	1.11	1.04–1.17	<0.01
2	1.06	1.00–1.13	0.06
3	1.03	0.96–1.09	0.43
4	1.00	0.94–1.07	0.97
Comorbidity (vs. no hospitalization)
0	0.88	0.83–0.93	<0.01
1	0.84	0.76–0.93	<0.01
2	0.83	0.73–0.95	<0.01
3+	0.64	0.55–0.74	<0.01
Cancer type (vs. breast cancer)
Colorectal	0.36	0.34–0.39	<0.01
Esophagus	0.38	0.32–0.45	<0.01
Gynecologic excluding cervical	0.90	0.82–0.97	<0.01
Hepato-pancreatic biliary	0.06	0.05–0.07	<0.01
Lung	0.031	0.026–0.036	<0.01
Lymphoma	0.001	0.000–0.002	<0.01
Prostate	0.10	0.08–0.12	<0.01
Sarcoma	0.000	0–0	<0.01
Stomach	0.33	0.29–0.37	<0.01
Other c	0.028	0.025–0.031	<0.01

^a The pre-pandemic period is from 3 January 2016 to 14 March 2020, and the pandemic period is from 15 March 2020 to 7 November 2020. We verified the proportional-hazard assumption by examining an interaction term between the COVID-19 period and a binary variable denoting time since first chemotherapy > 4.5 months. Because this interaction term was insignificant (p-value 0.70), we ruled out any violation of the proportional-hazard assumption; ^b There was an overall negative association between material deprivation and time to surgery within 9-month after first chemotherapy (Type-III p-value < 0.01); ^c “Other” includes central nervous system, cervical, endocrine, genitourinary, head and neck, and other cancer types with unknown or ill-defined primary site.