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. 2022 Oct 20;11(20):3298. doi: 10.3390/cells11203298

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Schematic depiction of combination of magnetic field (MF) and IONP-enhanced osteogenic differentiation. (a) Osteoblasts or stem cells co-cultured with IONPs or IONP-doped scaffolds without SMF. (b) Osteoblasts or stem cells co-cultured with IONPs or IONP-doped scaffolds under SMF. IONPs exposed to SMF can be magnetized and generate magnetic force. On one hand, magnetic force induces deformation of scaffolds, which generates mechanical stimulation on cells cultured on scaffolds. On the other hand, magnetic forces from intracellular IONPs may directly cause deformation of the cell membrane. In addition, cells take in more IONPs, and magnetized IONPs generate micro-MF effects on the cells. (c) Combination of MF and IONPs activated the integrin-RhoA, integrin-MAPK, and TGFβ/BMP2 Smad signaling pathways. Subsequently, transcription of osteoblastogenesis-related genes was markedly enhanced. Furthermore, RGD-binding integrins are able to activate latent TGF-β, and activated Piezo1 can upregulate BMP2 expression.