| AI | Artificial intelligence |
| AGE | Advanced glycation end products |
| ARDS | Acute respiratory distress syndrome |
| AU | Arbitrary units |
| ECLIA | Electro-chemiluminescence assay |
| GDP | Gross domestic product |
| Hc | Heavy chain |
| HCWs | Health care workers, |
| HSA | Human serum albumin |
| Ig | Immunoglobulin |
| MALDI-ToF MS | Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization—time of flight. |
| ML | Machine learning |
| PCR | Polymerase chain reaction |
| RBD | Receptor binding domain |
| SA | Sinapinic acid |
| TCEP | Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine |