Table 3.
Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models for evaluating the PIM effect over time.
| Evaluations in Time | Groups | Interaction Effects (GEE) C | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In-Person (IG) (n = 70) |
Online (OG) (n = 44) |
Control (CG) (n = 36) |
Between Groups B | |||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
| T1_Awareness (PHMLS) | 23.3 b | 6.1 | 26.5 a | 5.8 | 25.8 a | 6.3 | 0.017 | 0.002 |
| T2_Awareness (PHMLS) | 26.7 | 6.3 | 26.9 | 4.1 | 26.4 | 5.8 | 0.906 | |
| Intra-group A | 0.002 | 0.168 | 0.502 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = 3.4; d = 0.548 | Δ = 0.4; d = 0.081 | Δ = 0.6; d = 0.099 | |||||
| T1_Acceptance (PHMLS) | 15.8 | 7.5 | 16.0 | 6.6 | 18.6 | 6.9 | 0.113 | <0.001 |
| T2_Acceptance (PHMLS) | 19.2 | 6.4 | 19.8 | 5.3 | 18.3 | 6.7 | 0.537 | |
| Intra-group A | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.859 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = 3.4; d = 0.489 | Δ = 3.7; d = 0.622 | Δ = −0.3; d = −0.044 | |||||
| T1_Non-accept (DERS) | 14.0 | 6.1 | 14.1 | 5.6 | 12.6 | 6.2 | 0.491 | 0.158 |
| T2_Non-accept (DERS) | 11.5 | 6.3 | 12.1 | 5.7 | 12.0 | 5.4 | 0.849 | |
| Intra-group A | 0.001 | 0.029 | 0.456 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = −2.5; d = −0.403 | Δ = −2.0; d = −0.354 | Δ = −0.6; d = −0.103 | |||||
| T1_Goals (DERS) | 16.3 a | 4.5 | 17.6 a | 4.8 | 14.7 b | 3.8 | 0.016 | 0.190 |
| T2_Goals (DERS) | 15.5 | 4.5 a | 15.5 a | 4.1 | 13.4 b | 3.8 | 0.045 | |
| Intra-group A | 0.143 | 0.001 | 0.039 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = −0.7; d = −0.156 | Δ = −2.1; d = −0.472 | Δ = −1.3; d = −0.342 | |||||
| T1_ Impulse (DERS) | 12.6 | 5.0 | 13.9 | 4.8 | 12.4 | 3.9 | 0.295 | 0.025 |
| T2_ Impulse (DERS) | 11.9 | 4.9 | 11.8 | 3.8 | 12.6 | 4.7 | 0.655 | |
| Intra-group A | 0.209 | 0.002 | 0.710 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = −0.7; d = −0.141 | Δ = −2.1; d = −0.488 | Δ = 0.2; d = 0.051 | |||||
| T1_Awareness (DERS) | 15.4 b | 5.1 | 15.2 b | 4.7 | 21.8 a | 5.1 | <0.001 | 0.892 |
| T2_ Awareness (DERS) | 14.2 b | 5.1 | 13.6 b | 4.7 | 20.7 a | 4.8 | <0.001 | |
| Intra-group A | 0.051 | 0.040 | 0.068 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = −1.3; d = −0.255 | Δ = −1.6; d = −0.340 | Δ = −1.1; d = −0.222 | |||||
| T1_Strategy (DERS) | 18.7 | 7.1 | 18.6 | 6.3 | 18.2 | 6.5 | 0.939 | 0.254 |
| T2_Strategy (DERS) | 16.0 | 7.1 | 16.2 | 6.4 | 17.2 | 4.8 | 0.602 | |
| Intra-group A | <0.001 | 0.026 | 0.263 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = −2.7; d = −0.380 | Δ = −2.4; d = −0.338 | Δ = −1.0; d = −0.177 | |||||
| T1_Clarity (DERS) | 11.6 | 4.0 | 11.1 | 3.1 | 12.9 | 1.7 | 0.057 | 0.064 |
| T2_Clarity (DERS) | 10.2 b | 4.0 | 9.8 b | 3.3 | 12.8 a | 1.5 | <0.001 | |
| Intra-group A | 0.001 | 0.042 | 0.679 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = −1.4; d = −0.350 | Δ = −1.2; d = −0.375 | Δ = −0.1; d = −0.063 | |||||
| T1_DERS total | 88.5 | 22.8 | 90.3 | 21.3 | 92.7 | 18.4 | 0.658 | 0.131 |
| T2_DERS total | 79.4 b | 23.6 | 78.9 b | 19.7 | 88.7 a | 16.6 | 0.044 | |
| Intra-group A | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.118 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = −9.2; d = −0.397 | Δ = −11.4; d = −0.566 | Δ = −4.0; d = −0.229 | |||||
| T1_Loneliness | 11.0 | 3.8 | 10.4 | 3.5 | 11.1 | 4.2 | 0.705 | 0.393 |
| T2_Loneliness | 9.7 | 3.2 | 9.5 | 3.4 | 10.9 | 3.9 | 0.215 | |
| Intra-group A | 0.060 | 0.041 | 0.724 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = −1.3; d = −0.371 | Δ = −0.9; d = −0.261 | Δ = −0.2; d = −0.049 | |||||
| T1_P. Solitude | 17.9 | 4.6 | 19.4 | 3.6 | 19.0 | 3.9 | 0.353 | 0.013 |
| T2_P. Solitude | 19.7 | 3.7 | 20.5 | 3.5 | 18.9 | 3.3 | 0.126 | |
| Intra-group A | 0.039 | 0.001 | 0.873 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = 1.8; d = 0.434 | Δ = 1.1; d = 0.310 | Δ = −0.1; d = −0.028 | |||||
| T1_SWLS | 17.7 | 4.0 | 18.5 | 4.1 | 18.5 | 4.1 | 0.441 | 0.017 |
| T2_SWLS | 19.4 | 3.9 | 18.9 | 3,8 | 18.7 | 4.2 | 0.665 | |
| Intra-group A | <0.001 | 0.278 | 0.737 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = 1.7; d = 0.430 | Δ = 0.4; d = 0.101 | Δ = 0.2; d = 0.048 | |||||
| T1_Optimism | 16.6 | 3.5 | 16.2 | 3.2 | 16.3 | 2.6 | 0.784 | 0.019 |
| T2_Optimism | 17.3 | 2.8 | 17.1 | 2.6 | 16.1 | 2.3 | 0.062 | |
| Intra-group A | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.502 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = 0.78; d = 0.222 | Δ = 0.98; d = 0.310 | Δ = −0.2; d = −0.081 | |||||
| T1_Mindfulness | 35.8 | 8.3 | 35.9 | 7.1 | 36.7 | 7.6 | 0.855 | <0.001 |
| T2_Mindfulness | 40.2 a | 6.8 | 39.7 a | 5.9 | 36.1 b | 7.1 | 0.008 | |
| Intra-group A | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.469 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = 4.4; d = 0.582 | Δ = 3.8; d = 0.584 | Δ = −0.6; d = −0.154 | |||||
| T1_Depression | 9.3 | 7.9 | 9.0 | 9.2 | 11.2 | 9.7 | 0.481 | 0.739 |
| T2_Depression | 7.8 | 7.0 | 7.9 | 6.8 | 11.1 | 10.2 | 0.097 | |
| Intra-group A | 0.144 | 0.393 | 0.972 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = −1.5; d = −0.201 | Δ = −1.1; d = −0.137 | Δ = −0.1; d = −0.483 | |||||
| T1_Anxiety | 7.9 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 8.2 | 10.1 | 9.5 | 0.414 | 0.850 |
| T2_Anxiety | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 6.8 | 8.8 | 9.3 | 0.256 | |
| Intra-group A | 0.238 | 0.133 | 0.447 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = −1.0; d = −0.136 | Δ = −1.9; d = −0.253 | Δ = −1.3; d = −0.484 | |||||
| T1_Stress | 16.6 | 9.0 | 16.8 | 11.2 | 13.1 | 8.8 | 0.147 | 0.193 |
| T2_Stress | 13.3 | 7.4 | 12.3 | 7.4 | 11.8 | 8.8 | 0.791 | |
| Intra-group A | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.349 | |||||
| T2–T1 | Δ = −3.3; d = −0.402 | Δ = −4.5; d = 0.484 | Δ = −1.3; d = −0.484 | |||||
Note. A: Intra-group mean comparison, EEG between times with post hoc Bonferroni; B: Mean comparison between groups, ANOVA (one way) with post hoc Bonferroni, where means followed by equal lowercase letters (ab) do not differ at a significance of 5%; C: EEG, linear model for effects of time, group, and interaction with post hoc Bonferroni; Δ: variation between mean scores; d: Cohen’s d effect size.