Table 1.
Principal quality chemical components of saffrons obtained from different geographical origins and their concentrations.
| Geographical Origin | Type of Extract | Compound | Concentration | Technique | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Methanol–water (50:50, v/v) | Trans-4-GG | 39.08 | mg/g | HPLC-PDA | [53] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 27.25 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 7.49 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 77.16 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 3.34 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.98 | |||||
| China | Methanol–water (50:50, v/v) | Trans-4-GG | 6.29 | mg/g | HPLC-PDA | [53] |
| Trans-3Gg | 2.44 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 8.73 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 0.53 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.22 | |||||
| Poitou, France | Methanol–water (50:50, v/v) | Trans-4-GG | 38.43 | mg/g | HPLC-PDA | [53] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 27.74 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 5.89 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 75.07 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 5.97 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.81 | |||||
| Greece | Methanol–water (50:50, v/v) | Trans-4-GG | 40.77 | mg/g | HPLC-PDA | [53] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 30.36 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 10.14 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 86.51 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 5.95 | |||||
| Safranal | 1.29 | |||||
| India | Methanol–water (50:50, v/v) | Trans-4-GG | 37.54 | mg/g | HPLC-PDA | [53] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 22.13 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 9.12 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 75.68 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 7.87 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.47 | |||||
| Fars, Iran | Aqueous extracts | Trans-4-GG | 56.16 | mg/g | HPLC-DAD | [27] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 48.72 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 12.53 | |||||
| Trans-2-gg | 12.49 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 153.81 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 77.29 | |||||
| Ghaen, Iran | Ethanol (70%) | Trans-4-GG | 197.84 | mg/g | HPLC-DAD-MS | [64] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 71.56 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 26.88 | |||||
| Trans-2-G | 24.86 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 338.87 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 43.82 | |||||
| Safranal | 1.35 | |||||
| Gonabad, Iran | Ethanol (70%) | Trans-4-GG | 168.91 | mg/g | HPLC-DAD-MS | [64] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 61.25 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 30.42 | |||||
| Trans-2-G | 26 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 302.51 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 36.97 | |||||
| Safranal | 1.26 | |||||
| Isfahan, Iran | Aqueous extracts | Picrocrocin | 150.64 | mg/g | HPLC-DAD | [27] |
| Trans-4-GG | 46.86 | |||||
| Trans-3-Gg | 43.51 | |||||
| Trans-2-G | 14.53 | |||||
| Trans-2-gg | 10.56 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 137.05 | |||||
| Safranal | 1.04 | |||||
| Kerman, Iran | Aqueous extracts | Trans-4-GG | 77.89 | mg/g | HPLC-DAD | [27] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 46.69 | |||||
| Trans-2-G | 12.79 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 159.86 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 63.95 | |||||
| Safranal | 1.31 | |||||
| Razavi Khorasan, Iran | Aqueous extracts | Trans-4-GG | 54.73 | mg/g | HPLC-DAD | [27] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 34.51 | |||||
| Trans-2-G | 9.35 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 123.61 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 120.62 | |||||
| Safranal | 2.13 | |||||
| Tehran, Iran | Aqueous extracts | Trans-4-GG | 59.7 | mg/g | HPLC-DAD | [27] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 44.43 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 12.39 | |||||
| Trans-2-gg | 9.34 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 146.66 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 131.61 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.57 | |||||
| Tehran, Iran | Aqueous extracts (1%) Freeze-Dried |
Picrocrocin | 33.88 | mmol/100g | HPLC-DAD | [109] |
| HTCC | 20.2 | |||||
| Trans-3-Gg | 3.81 | |||||
| Trans-4-GG | 3.53 | |||||
| Trans-2-gg | 1.17 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 9.91 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.84 | |||||
| Tehran, Iran | Aqueous extracts (1%) Dark-Dried |
HTCC | 16.82 | mmol/100g | HPLC-DAD | [109] |
| Picrocrocin | 15.14 | |||||
| Trans-4-GG | 4.59 | |||||
| Trans-3-Gg | 3.71 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 11.95 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.41 | |||||
| Torbat, Iran | Ethanol (70%) | Trans-4-GG | 238.02 | mg/g | HPLC-DAD-MS | [64] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 85.36 | |||||
| Trans-2-G | 24.3 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 19.38 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 388.23 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 67.95 | |||||
| Safranal | 1.79 | |||||
| Iran | Aqueous extracts | Trans-4-GG | 42.24 | % | HPLC | [70] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 24.76 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 5.09 | |||||
| Trans-2-G | 3.53 | |||||
| Trans-2-gg | 3.18 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 83.06 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 16.72 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.22 | |||||
| Iran | Methanol–water (50:50, v/v) | Trans-4-GG | 38.41 | mg/g | HPLC-PDA | [53] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 23.58 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 4.73 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 69.32 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 3.69 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.65 | |||||
| Iran | Ethanol 80% | Crocin | 26.81 | mg/0.1g | HPLC | [90] |
| Picrocrocin | 12.92 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.042 | |||||
| Cascia, Italy | Ethanol (70%) | Trans-4-GG | 343.97 | mg/g | HPLC-DAD-MS | [64] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 111.94 | |||||
| Trans-2-G | 13.59 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 494.42 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 127.83 | |||||
| Safranal | 3.01 | |||||
| Città della Pieve, Italy | Ethanol (70%) | Trans-4-GG | 302.65 | mg/g | HPLC-DAD-MS | [64] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 109.17 | |||||
| Trans-2-G | 16.12 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 450.73 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 101.92 | |||||
| Safranal | 2.41 | |||||
| Fiesole, Italy | Ethanol (70%) | Trans-4-GG | 372.49 | mg/g | HPLC-DAD-MS | [64] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 123.15 | |||||
| Trans-2-G | 21.24 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 12.55 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 548.84 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 130.35 | |||||
| Safranal | 2.01 | |||||
| Fiesole, Italy | Ethanol (70%)—formic acid | Trans-4-GG | 238.91 | mg/g | HPLC-DAD-MS | [98] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 65.64 | |||||
| Trans-2-G | 16.96 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 4.95 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 342.02 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 111.14 | |||||
| Safranal | 2.27 | |||||
| Navelli, Italy | Methanol–water (50:50, v/v) | Trans-4-GG | 38.25 | mg/g | HPLC-PDA | [53] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 28.28 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 72.02 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 5.8 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.53 | |||||
| Perugia, Italy | Ethanol 70%—formic acid | Trans-4-GG | 148.5 | mg/g | HPLC-DAD-MS | [98] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 46.2 | |||||
| Trans-2-G | 14.8 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 14.1 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 231.1 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 68.9 | |||||
| Safranal | 2.6 | |||||
| Italy | Aqueous extracts | Trans-4-GG | 43.57 | % | HPLC | [70] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 23.09 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 5.29 | |||||
| Trans-2-gg | 2.12 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 78.45 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 21.26 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.28 | |||||
| Larache, Marruecos | Degassed methanol | Σ crocins | 17.9 | % | HPLC-DAD | [21] |
| Picrocrocin | 11.92 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.21 | |||||
| Safranier d’Ourika, Marruecos | Degassed methanol | Σ crocins | 37.23 | % | HPLC-DAD | [21] |
| Picrocrocin | 28.78 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.24 | |||||
| Rangiora, New Zealand | Methanol–water (50:50, v/v) | Trans-4-GG | 41.21 | mg/g | HPLC-PDA | [53] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 31.26 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 74.61 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 7.94 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.47 | |||||
| La Mancha, Spain | Methanol–water (50:50, v/v) | Trans-4-GG | 38.41 | mg/g | HPLC-PDA | [53] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 24.43 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 5.76 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 73.85 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 8.14 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.88 | |||||
| Turkey | Methanol–water (50:50, v/v) | Trans-4-GG | 36.35 | mg/g | HPLC-PDA | [53] |
| Trans-3-Gg | 25.32 | |||||
| Cis-4-GG | 5.21 | |||||
| Σ crocins | 69.73 | |||||
| Picrocrocin | 5.67 | |||||
| Safranal | 0.84 | |||||