Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, biopsies, and MRI measures in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and with isolated rapid eye movement sleep disorder (iRBD) as well as in healthy controls.
| PD (a) | iRBD (b) | Healthy Controls (c) | p ‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 27 | 16 | 18 | 0.003 * |
| Demographics | ||||
| Gender (Male) | 17 (63%) b | 15 (94%) a,c | 7 (39%) b | 0.003 * |
| Age (years) | 63.3 ± 8.9 | 68.1 ± 5.7 | 62.93 ± 9.0 | 0.124 |
| Educational level | 5.7 ± 1.6 b | 6.8 ± 0.5 a | 6.6 ± 0.8 | 0.024 * |
| Clinical data | ||||
| Age at onset (years) | 61.5 ± 9.0 | 59.6 ± 10.7 | NA | NA |
| Disease duration (months) | 21.7 ± 12.8 | 88.3 ± 93.3 | NA | NA |
| Dopaminergic agonists (mg) | 77.4 ± 88.6 | NA | NA | NA |
| Levodopa (mg) | 169.4 ± 178.7 | NA | NA | NA |
| LEDD (mg) | 342.3 ± 176.8 | NA | NA | NA |
| Clinical scores | ||||
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment ∫ | 27.6 ± 2.1 | 27.8 ± 2.3 | 27.8 ± 1.5 | 0.986 |
| MDS-UPDRS I | 9.7 ± 3. 7 c | 7.50 ± 3.1 c | 5.06 ± 2.7 a,b | <0.001 * |
| MDS-UPDRS II | 8.5 ± 3.4 b,c | 1.4 ± 1.1 a | 0.8 ± 1.3 a | <0.001 * |
| MDS-UPDRS III Off Med | 31.6 ± 9.2 b,c | 9.9 ± 4.1 a | 6.1 ± 7.1 a | <0.001 * |
| MDS-UPDRS III On Med | 27.6 ± 7.3 | NA | NA | NA |
| MDS-UPDRS IV | 0.2 ± 0.8 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.365 |
| Hoehn and Yahr | 2.0 ± 0.2 b,c | 0.4 ± 0.8 a | 0.2 ± 0.7 a | <0.001 * |
| SCOPA-AUT | 11.7 ± 6.3 c | 10.0 ± 5.6 | 5.6 ± 4.2 a | 0.002 * |
| NMSS scale | 8.0 ± 3.9 c | 8.9 ± 3.7 c | 3.2 ± 3.1 a,b | <0.001 * |
| UPSIT | 22.0 ± 5.3 c | 19.6 ± 5.0 c | 32.6 ± 6.4 a,b | <0.001 * |
| α-Syn deposits, No with (%) | ||||
| α-Syn clone 5G4 antibodies | 15 (55.6%) | 7 (43.8%) | 7 (38.9%) | 0.491 |
| α-Syn clone 42 antibodies | 4 (14.8%) | 3 (18.8%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0.115 |
| either α-Syn clone 5G4 or 42 antibodies | 17 (63.0%) | 8 (50.0%) | 7 (38.9%) | 0.286 |
| SNc measurements | ||||
| Volume (mm3) | 234.4 ± 45.4 | 244.8 ± 18.4 | 257.7 ± 56.1 | 0.228 |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) | 109.8 ± 1.5 b,c | 111.6 ± 2.1 a | 111.7 ± 2.1 a | 0.004 * |
Data are given as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables and as numbers (percentages) for categorical variables. * The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. ‡ For demographics, the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the groups for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Post hoc comparisons were performed using pairwise Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests for continuous variables and pairwise Fisher’s exact tests for qualitative variables. Benjamini Hochberg correction was applied to correct for multiple testing. For clinical scores and SNc measurements, linear models adjusted for age and sex were performed. For α-Syn deposits, logistic regressions adjusted for age and sex were performed. Post hoc Tukey HSD tests were performed for pairwise comparison. ∫ Linear model with MoCA as the dependent variable was adjusted for age, sex, and educational level. a differs from the PD group; b differs from the iRBD group; c differs from controls. Abbreviations: LEDD Levodopa Equivalent Daily Dose; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MDS-UPDRS = Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; SCOPA-AUT = Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease—Autonomic; NMSS = Non-Motor Symptoms Scale; UPSIT University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Sociocultural level score ranges from 0–7. Cognition score ranges: MoCA total score 0–30; (high scores = better cognitive performances). Motor score ranges: MDS-UPDRS score ranges: MDS-UPDRS I 0–52, MDS-UPDRS II 0–52, MDS-UPDRS III 0–132, MDS-UPDRS IV 0–24 (high scores = worse clinical assessment); Hoehn and Yahr staging 0–5 (low scores = better clinical assessment); Non-motor score ranges: SCOPA-AUT 0–69; NMSS 0–30 (high scores = worse autonomic functions); UPSIT 0–40 (low scores = worse smell assessment).