Table 6.
Nutritional composition of corn (control) and optimized extrudates elaborated with selected formulations 1 (OPM1) and 2 (OPM2). Bioaccessible (soluble) amounts of PA, GABA, TSPC and ORAC during in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion.
| Parameters | Control | OPM1 | OPM2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Undigested extrudates (time endpoint = 0 min) | |||
| Starch (g/100 g dw) | 71.14 ± 0.12 c | 33.93 ± 0.20 a | 44.05 ± 1.39 b |
| TDF (g/100 g dw) | 9.88 ± 0.14 a | 32.95 ± 1.71 c | 26.69 ± 2.41 b |
| IDF (g/100 g dw) | 6.87 ± 0.18 a | 24.35 ± 2.41 c | 18.04 ± 0.46 b |
| SDF (g/100 g dw) | 3.02 ± 0.04 a | 8.59 ± 0.69 b | 8.65 ± 2.87 b |
| Protein (g/100 g dw) | 7.22 ± 0.05 a | 16.28 ± 0.19 c | 13.73 ± 0.50 b |
| Fat (g/100 g dw) | 3.95 ± 0.02 a | 6.69 ± 0.02 c | 4.81 ± 0.24 b |
| Ash (g/100 g dw) | 0.85 ± 0.09 a | 3.64 ± 1.23 c | 1.82 ± 0.10 b |
| PA (g/100 g dw) | 0.36 ± 0.03 b,C | 0.33 ± 0.03 b,C | 0.23 ± 0.07 a,B |
| GABA (mg/100 g) | 5.19 ± 0.18 a,B | 37.10 ± 0.40 b,A | 41.81 ± 0.53 c,A |
| TSPC (mg GAE/100 g) | 196.3 ± 5.0 a,A | 1511.5 ± 24.7 c,A | 973.3 ± 23.0 b,A |
| ORAC (μmol TE/g) | 19.85 ± 2.60 a,A | 101.79 ± 1.53 c,A | 69.62 ± 1.17 b,A |
| Gastric digestates (time endpoint = 120 min) | |||
| PA (g/100 g dw) | 0.19 ± 0.03 a,B | 0.17 ± 0.01 a,B | 0.21 ± 0.04 a,B |
| GABA (mg/100 g) | 2.13 ± 0.03 a,A | 36.88 ± 2.63 b,A | 42.72 ± 3.60 b,A |
| TSPC (mg GAE/100 g) | 270.5 ± 18.9 a,B | 2493.9 ± 59.7 c,C | 1816.2 ± 98.7 b,C |
| ORAC (μmol TE/g) | 57.11 ± 2.42 a,B | 118.09 ± 6.28 c,B | 82.82 ± 11.51 b,B |
| Intestinal digestates (time endpoint = 240 min) | |||
| PA (g/100 g dw) | 0.08 ± 0.03 a,A | 0.14 ± 0.10 b,A | 0.17 ± 0.01 b,A |
| GABA (mg/100 g) | 11.32 ± 0.38 a,C | 34.34 ± 1.60 b,A | 38.90 ± 0.47 b,A |
| TSPC (mg GAE/100 g) | 821.3 ± 49.8 a,C | 1921.9 ± 278.11 c,B | 1248.1 ± 27.4 b,B |
| ORAC (μmol TE/g) | 205.82 ± 25.61 a,C | 282.37 ± 10.57 b,C | 233.42 ± 7.14 a,C |
Data are means ± standard deviation of three replicates. Different lowercase letters denote statistical differences among mean values within a row (ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test, p ≤ 0.05). Different uppercase letters denote statistical differences among undigested, gastric and intestinal digestates (ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test, p ≤ 0.05). Abbreviations: dw, dry weight; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; GAE, gallic acid equivalents; IDF, insoluble dietary fiber; ORAC, oxygen radical absorbance capacity; PA, phytic acid; SDF, soluble dietary fiber; TDF, total dietary fiber; TE, Trolox equivalents; TSPC, total soluble phenolic compounds.