Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population (n = 265,792).
| Total | Control | Pre-Sarcopenia Alone | Obesity Alone | Pre-Sarcopenic Obesity | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 42.3 ± 9.4 | 42.1 ± 8.9 | 40.4 ± 10.1 | 43.2 ± 9.8 | 46.0 ± 13.1 | <0.001 * |
| Men (%) | 54.6 | 54.0 | 16.2 | 69.4 | 35.0 | <0.001 † |
| Screening center (Seoul, %) | 60.4 | 59.6 | 63.6 | 60.7 | 59.8 | <0.001 † |
| Height (cm) | 167.5 ± 8.6 | 168.3 ± 8.2 | 160.4 ± 6.2 | 168.8 ± 8.4 | 159.9 ± 7.5 | <0.001 * |
| Weight (kg) | 67.2 ± 13.5 | 64.8 ± 10.4 | 49.4 ± 4.9 | 77.9 ± 12.3 | 57.2 ± 5.7 | <0.001 * |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 3.5 | 22.7 ± 2.3 | 19.2 ± 1.4 | 27.2 ± 3.0 | 22.4 ± 1.4 | <0.001 * |
| Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 20.6 ± 5.0 | 20.8 ± 4.6 | 14.6 ± 2.4 | 22.4 ± 4.5 | 15.2 ± 3.0 | <0.001 * |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 7.2 ± 1.1 | 7.3 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 7.8 ± 0.9 | 5.9 ± 0.6 | <0.001 * |
| Smoking status (current smoker, %) | 16.2 | 15.80 | 6.50 | 20.50 | 9.70 | <0.001 † |
| Heavy drinker (%) | 20.1 | 19.5 | 9.5 | 25.1 | 12.9 | <0.001 † |
| Regular physical activity (%) | 14.9 | 16.90 | 9.60 | 13.10 | 9.60 | <0.001 † |
| Hypertension (%) | 10.4 | 8.2 | 4.1 | 16.3 | 12.1 | <0.001 † |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 3.5 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 5.1 | 4.9 | <0.001 † |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 16.4 | 14.5 | 9.0 | 22.4 | 18.6 | <0.001 † |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 97.9 ± 16.3 | 96.4 ± 13.7 | 92.8 ± 13.6 | 102.5 ± 19.9 | 98.2 ± 19.2 | <0.001 * |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.5 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 5.6 ± 0.7 | <0.001 * |
| Trigrlycerides (mg/dL) | 119.1 ± 84.2 | 107.8 ± 74.8 | 83.1 ± 43.9 | 152.6 ± 99.8 | 112.3 ± 69.8 | <0.001 * |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 191.4 ± 34.4 | 188.7 ± 32.9 | 186.0 ± 32.4 | 197.9 ± 36.4 | 198.2 ± 37.4 | <0.001 * |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 126.8 ± 33.2 | 124.0 ± 32.0 | 116.2 ± 30.9 | 135.4 ± 34.3 | 132.3 ± 35.7 | <0.001 * |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 59.7 ± 16.1 | 61.7 ± 16.0 | 70.5 ± 16.0 | 52.6 ± 13.1 | 61.9 ± 15.3 | <0.001 * |
| AST (IU/L) | 22.7 ± 14.7 | 21.4 ± 13.7 | 19.6 ± 13.4 | 26.2 ± 16.4 | 22.3 ± 11.6 | <0.001 * |
| ALT (IU/L) | 24.7 ± 21.3 | 21.3 ± 16.7 | 16.0 ± 13.6 | 34.0 ± 27.3 | 22.0 ± 16.3 | <0.001 * |
Data are presented as means ± standard deviation, or percentage. p values for between group difference by * one-way ANOVA in continuous variables or by † chi-square test in categorical variables. SMI (kg/m2) = appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg)/height (m2). Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index.