Table 6.
Socioeconomic Inequality in Accessibility to Healthcare Services by Car.
| Model | OLS 1 | OLS 2 | OLS 3 | OLS 4 | OLS 5 | OLS 6 | OLS 7 | OLS 8 | OLS 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DV | Access 1 |
Access 2 |
Access 3 |
Access 4 |
Access 5 |
Access 6 |
Access 7 |
Access 8 |
Access 9 |
| Accessibility to General Hospitals |
Accessibility to Private Hospitals and Clinics |
Accessibility to Public Health Centers |
|||||||
| 07 am–09 am | 12 pm–14 pm | 18 pm–20 pm | 07 am–09 am | 12 pm–14 pm | 18 pm–20 pm | 07 am–09 am | 12 pm–14 pm | 18 pm–20 pm | |
| IV | Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
| Old | 0.372 *** (0.048) | 0.372 *** (0.047) | 0.386 *** (0.048) | 0.171 *** (0.047) | 0.166 *** (0.047) | 0.192 *** (0.049) | −0.141 *** (0.036) | −0.126 *** (0.035) | −0.094 ** (0.038) |
| Bene | −0.298 *** (0.037) | −0.283 *** (0.037) | −0.292 *** (0.037) | −0.080 ** (0.036) | −0.080 ** (0.036) | −0.083 ** (0.038) | −0.109 *** (0.028) | −0.114 *** (0.028) | −0.126 *** (0.030) |
| Immi | 0.020 (0.014) | 0.019 (0.014) | 0.020 (0.014) | −0.010 (0.014) | −0.010 (0.014) | −0.008 (0.015) | −0.00002 (0.011) | −0.0002 (0.011) | 0.0003 (0.011) |
| Female | −0.192 *** (0.050) | −0.185 *** (0.049) | −0.179 *** (0.050) | −0.238 *** (0.049) | −0.238 *** (0.049) | −0.243 *** (0.051) | 0.115 *** (0.037) | 0.112 *** (0.037) | 0.120 *** (0.040) |
| Dis | −0.001 (0.067) | −0.023 (0.066) | −0.026 (0.068) | 0.051 (0.066) | 0.053 (0.066) | 0.038 (0.069) | 0.140 *** (0.050) | 0.135 *** (0.050) | 0.116 ** (0.054) |
| Metro | 0.040 (0.031) | 0.024 (0.031) | 0.016 (0.032) | 0.007 (0.031) | 0.003 (0.031) | −0.008 (0.032) | −0.003 (0.024) | −0.019 (0.023) | −0.030 (0.025) |
| Rural | 1.129 *** (0.029) | 1.103 *** (0.029) | 1.107 *** (0.030) | 1.186 *** (0.029) | 1.167 *** (0.029) | 1.165 *** (0.030) | −0.207 *** (0.022) | −0.259 *** (0.022) | −0.246 *** (0.024) |
| Con. | 2.311 *** (0.248) | 2.311 *** (0.244) | 2.252 *** (0.249) | 1.678 *** (0.243) | 1.745 *** (0.243) | 1.695 *** (0.254) | 2.126 *** (0.186) | 2.160 *** (0.184) | 2.024 *** (0.198) |
| Model Performance | |||||||||
| N | 3447 | 3447 | 3447 | 3447 | 3447 | 3447 | 3447 | 3447 | 3447 |
| R2 | 0.672 | 0.672 | 0.658 | 0.700 | 0.697 | 0.676 | 0.113 | 0.146 | 0.135 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.671 | 0.671 | 0.657 | 0.699 | 0.697 | 0.675 | 0.111 | 0.145 | 0.133 |
Significance level: * p < 0.1; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01. Independent Variable Description: Old: Log-transformed the density of the population aged over 65 in persons per km2; Bene: Log-transformed the density of people in persons per km2; Immi: Log-transformed the density of immigrants in persons per km2; Female: Log-transformed the density of the female population in persons per km2; Dis: Log-transformed the density of the population with disability classified as the first class in persons per km2; Metro: 1 if the administrative boundary is in metropolitan areas, such as Seoul, 0 otherwise; Rural: 1 if the administrative boundary is in rural areas (i.e., Eup and Myeon), 0 otherwise.