Table 7.
Socioeconomic Inequality in Accessibility to Healthcare Services by Public Transportation.
| Model | OLS 10 | OLS 11 | OLS 12 | OLS 13 | OLS 14 | OLS 15 | OLS 16 | OLS 17 | OLS 18 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DV | Access 10 | Access 11 | Access 12 | Access 13 | Access 14 | Access 15 | Access 16 | Access 17 | Access 18 |
| Accessibility to General Hospitals |
Accessibility to Private Hospitals and Clinics |
Accessibility to Public Health Centers |
|||||||
| 07 am–09 am | 12 pm–14 pm | 18 pm–20 pm | 07 am–09 am | 12 pm–14 pm | 18 pm–20 pm | 07 am–09 am | 12 pm–14 pm | 18 pm–20 pm | |
| IV | Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
Estimate (Std. Err) |
| Old | 0.141 *** (0.038) | 0.141 *** (0.038) | 0.129 *** (0.040) | 0.092 * (0.049) | 0.184 *** (0.050) | 0.264 *** (0.053) | −0.124 *** (0.043) | −0.069 (0.046) | 0.123 ** (0.059) |
| Bene | −0.147 *** (0.029) | −0.147 *** (0.030) | −0.161 *** (0.031) | 0.032 (0.038) | −0.001 (0.039) | −0.040 (0.041) | −0.071 ** (0.034) | −0.095 *** (0.036) | −0.125 *** (0.046) |
| Immi | 0.023 ** (0.011) | 0.031 *** (0.011) | 0.047 *** (0.012) | −0.003 (0.015) | 0.013 (0.015) | 0.034 ** (0.016) | 0.005 (0.013) | 0.012 (0.014) | 0.032 * (0.018) |
| Female | −0.233 *** (0.039) | −0.249 *** (0.040) | −0.250 *** (0.041) | −0.330 *** (0.051) | −0.444 *** (0.052) | −0.493 *** (0.055) | −0.051 (0.045) | −0.107 ** (0.048) | −0.205 *** (0.062) |
| Dis | 0.093 * (0.053) | 0.099 * (0.054) | 0.095 * (0.056) | 0.040 (0.069) | 0.071 (0.071) | 0.023 (0.075) | 0.168 *** (0.061) | 0.178 *** (0.066) | 0.057 (0.083) |
| Metro | −0.053 ** (0.025) | −0.064 ** (0.025) | −0.065 ** (0.026) | −0.071 ** (0.032) | −0.065 * (0.033) | −0.045 (0.035) | −0.010 (0.029) | −0.005 (0.031) | 0.018 (0.039) |
| Rural | 1.172 *** (0.023) | 1.199 *** (0.024) | 1.191 *** (0.025) | 1.616 *** (0.030) | 1.702 *** (0.031) | 1.823 *** (0.033) | 0.218 *** (0.027) | 0.269 *** (0.029) | 0.411 *** (0.037) |
| Con. | 3.995 *** (0.195) | 4.108 *** (0.199) | 4.238 *** (0.207) | 3.208 *** (0.255) | 3.497 *** (0.262) | 3.590 *** (0.276) | 3.846 *** (0.225) | 4.002 *** (0.242) | 3.919 *** (0.308) |
| Model Performance | |||||||||
| N | 3447 | 3447 | 3447 | 3447 | 3447 | 3447 | 3447 | 3447 | 3447 |
| R2 | 0.796 | 0.799 | 0.794 | 0.810 | 0.822 | 0.834 | 0.197 | 0.235 | 0.305 |
| Adj. R2 | 0.796 | 0.799 | 0.793 | 0.809 | 0.822 | 0.834 | 0.196 | 0.234 | 0.303 |
Significance level: * p < 0.1; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01. Independent Variable Description: Old: Log-transformed the density of the population aged over 65 in persons per km2; Bene: Log-transformed the density of people in persons per km2; Immi: Log-transformed the density of immigrants in persons per km2; Female: Log-transformed the density of the female population in persons per km2; Dis: Log-transformed the density of the population with disability classified as the first class in persons per km2; Metro: 1 if the administrative boundary is in metropolitan areas, such as Seoul, 0 otherwise; Rural: 1 if the administrative boundary is in rural areas (i.e., Eup and Myeon), 0 otherwise.