Table 1.
Baseline demographic data and clinical characteristic of participants at first visit (T0).
| Baseline Characteristics | n (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | Female | 91 (61.9) |
| Male | 55 (38.1) | |
| Marital status | Couple | 115 (78.8) |
| Widow | 32 (21.8) | |
| Cigarette smoker | Never | 103 (70.1) |
| Former | 34 (23.1) | |
| Current | 10 (6.8) | |
| Physical activity (intensity) | Low | 42 (28.6) |
| Moderate | 67 (45.6) | |
| Vigorous | 38 (25.9) | |
| Nutritional status | Normal | 88 (59.9) |
| Risk of malnutrition | 59 (40.1) | |
| TGDS | No depression (<6) | 126 (85.7) |
| Susceptibility (6–10) | 17 (11.6) | |
| Depression (11–15) | 3 (2.7) | |
| Present of diabetic complication | Diabetic retinopathy | 98 (66.7) |
| Diabetic Nephropathy | 65 (44.2) | |
| Diabetic foot | 85 (57.8) | |
| Diabetic Medication | No | 5 (3.4) |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent only | 109 (74.7) | |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent + insulin | 26 (17.8) | |
| Insulin only | 6 (4.1) | |
| Comorbid disease | Hypertension | 118 (80.3) |
| Dyslipidemia | 137 (93.2) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 14 (9.5) | |
| Musculoskeletal disease | 64 (43.5) | |
| Respiratory disease | 10 (6.8) | |
| mean (SD) | ||
| Age (year) | 67.9 (5.8) | |
| Duration of DM (year) | 10.9 (5.9) | |
| EQ VAS | 75.1 (17.2) | |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.45 (1.3) | |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 143 (90.8) | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 109 (36.4) | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 53.1 (14.4) | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 133 (60.8) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.8 (4.8) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138 (13.7) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.5 (9.6) |
TGDS = Thai Geriatric Depression Score, EQ VAS = EQ visual analogue, LDL= low-density lipoprotein, HDL= high-density lipoprotein, DR = diabetic retinopathy, DN = diabetic nephropathy, BMI = Body Mass Index.