Table 2.
Socio-demographic, clinical features and QOLIE-31-P domains.
| Variables | n | Energy | Mood | Daily Activities |
Cognition | Medication Effects | Seizure Worry |
Overall Quality of Life |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Total
(Mean, SD) |
91 | 31.67 (27.28) | 35.37 (25.79) | 43.42 (32.17) | 46.32 (33.74) | 46.83 (34.06) | 28.89 (32.05) | 37.91 (25.54) |
| Age * | ||||||||
| 18–44 | 51 | 37.75 (28.75) | 40.00 (26.72) | 47.83 (32.71) | 53.45 (33.52) | 52.81 (34.25) | 35.44 (33.58) | 44.96 (25.21) |
| 45–79 | 40 | 23.91 (23.41) | 29.47 (23.58) | 37.81 (30.96) | 37.24 (32.20) | 39.19 (32.65) | 20.53 (28.24) | 28.93 (23.28) |
| p-value | 0.0155 | 0.0224 | 0.1412 | 0.0221 | 0.0579 | 0.0268 | 0.0025 | |
| Sex * | ||||||||
| Male | 39 | 37.12 (29.11) | 43.55 (28.31) | 46.38 (34.12) | 49.46 (33.67) | 49.91 (33.72) | 36.47 (35.74) | 40.34 (26.46) |
| Female | 52 | 27.58 (25.35) | 29.23 (22.08) | 41.20 (30.77) | 43.96 (33.94) | 44.51 (34.45) | 23.20 (28.01) | 36.09 (24.92) |
| p-value | 0.0991 | 0.0080 | 0.4502 | 0.4448 | 0.4572 | 0.0501 | 0.4351 | |
| Environment * | ||||||||
| Urban | 69 | 29.59 (25.79) | 36.77 (26.79) | 42.86 (32.76) | 43.44 (32.99) | 45.99 (34.40) | 30.23 (33.57) | 37.17 (25.28) |
| Rural | 22 | 38.19 (31.27) | 30.98 (22.36) | 45.19 (30.91) | 55.37 (35.24) | 49.45 (33.59) | 24.70 (27.03) | 40.23 (26.80) |
| p-value | 0.1996 | 0.3621 | 0.7692 | 0.1497 | 0.6805 | 0.4841 | 0.6272 | |
| Marital status * | ||||||||
| Single | 34 | 29.07 (24.40) | 35.81 (25.18) | 40.07 (31.64) | 44.94 (34.34) | 41.05 (35.55) | 33.35 (34.27) | 38.71 (30.44) |
| Married | 57 | 33.21 (28.97) | 35.11 (26.37) | 45.42 (32.59) | 47.15 (33.66) | 50.27 (32.97) | 26.23 (30.66) | 37.43 (22.39) |
| p-value | 0.4869 | 0.9012 | 0.4458 | 0.7643 | 0.2134 | 0.3080 | 0.8185 | |
| Employment status ** | ||||||||
| Without job | 16 | 23.98 (19.67) | 37.50 (24.43) | 43.34 (38.40) | 50.25 (38.45) | 55.38 (33.34) | 25.91 (30.66) | 36.28 (25.79) |
| With job | 41 | 39.01 (29.12) | 46.57 (28.45) | 54.79 (28.94) | 59.03 (32.79) | 48.96 (31.81) | 40.44 (34.15) | 48.80 (24.25) |
| Student | 4 | 34.38 (41.31) | 19.85 (24.83) | 49.38 (20.87) | 36.89 (36.44) | 60.07 (30.37) | 15.89 (13.65) | 56.09 (30.39) |
| Ill-health retired | 9 | 17.61 (11.75) | 17.58 (11.89) | 16.47 (21.13) | 25.53 (24.53) | 24.25 (31.49) | 5.02 (7.97) | 22.32 (20.73) |
| Retired | 21 | 24.05 (19.51) | 27.10 (18.93) | 30.95 (29.28) | 34.06 (29.29) | 44.85 (35.78) | 17.38 (26.58) | 22.36 (17.61) |
| p-value | 0.0529 | 0.0031 | 0.0036 | 0.0136 | 0.1964 | 0.0051 | 0.0002 | |
| Level of education ** | ||||||||
| Primary | 3 | 11.33 (14.11) | 14.00 (11.14) | 3.23 (2.54) | 6.32 (3.27) | 2.82 (3.17) | 3.45 (3.44) | 6.21 (3.32) |
| Secondary | 12 | 22.96 (25.49) | 26.92 (24.71) | 32.87 (30.73) | 36.50 (18.41) | 54.06 (35.93) | 22.03 (30.51) | 26.93 (22.40) |
| High-school | 42 | 36.05 (29.67) | 37.38 (26.77) | 44.63 (30.29) | 47.16 (33.87) | 49.34 (34.61) | 29.33 (32.83) | 41.17 (23.60) |
| Technical-school | 17 | 30.51 (26.63) | 33.53 (22.73) | 49.65 (35.11) | 48.36 (36.80) | 51.89 (32.17) | 28.93 (32.01) | 33.40 (28.07) |
| Higher | 17 | 31.72 (23.74) | 42.00 (27.45) | 48.75 (33.53) | 56.20 (37.34) | 43.67 (30.56) | 37.10 (33.51) | 47.72 (25.99) |
| p-value | 0.4116 | 0.3106 | 0.1262 | 0.1462 | 0.1727 | 0.4759 | 0.0281 | |
| Age of onset (years) * | ||||||||
| <18 | 27 | 30.57 (28.20) | 33.59 (26.04) | 43.02 (33.42) | 48.99 (36.11) | 48.48 (31.88) | 25.65 (31.85) | 33.76 (25.91 |
| >18 | 64 | 32.13 (27.10) | 36.12 (25.86) | 43.59 (31.89) | 45.19 (32.93) | 47.62 (34.70) | 30.25 (32.29) | 39.66 (25.38) |
| p-value | 0.8048 | 0.6715 | 0.9390 | 0.6263 | 0.9122 | 0.5347 | 0.3168 | |
| Seizure frequency ** | ||||||||
| 1/month | 6 | 26.58 (28.78) | 22.87 (15.63) | 33.00 (36.39) | 32.16 (24.69) | 25.37 (23.05) | 10.55 (10.71) | 18.65 (7.95) |
| 2 or >2/month | 24 | 15.78 (10.79) | 21.60 (18.40) | 22.90 (22.76) | 24.01 (24.39) | 36.87 (34.11) | 7.36 (10.15) | 21.56 (17.13) |
| 1–6/year | 47 | 33.96 (27.36) | 35.27 (23.15) | 46.51 (30.52) | 50.51 (33.04) | 52.58 (35.11) | 36.36 (34.90) | 42.19 (25.48) |
| No seizures in the last year | 14 | 31.38 (28.32) | 38.50 (26.93) | 46.93 (30.93) | 54.80 (36.72) | 52.93 (31.67) | 30.09 (30.90) | 42.79 (25.50) |
| p-value | 0.0332 | 0.0451 | 0.0114 | 0.0039 | 0.1047 | 0.0008 | 0.0010 | |
| Epileptiform activity ** | ||||||||
| Right | 30 | 29.78 (25.88) | 29.85 (20.76) | 29.62 (24.80) | 38.78 (34.44) | 49.50 (35.19) | 24.44 (28.50) | 34.74 (27.26) |
| Left | 22 | 23.69 (23.86) | 34.44 (30.89) | 40.30 (32.43) | 41.73 (32.44) | 35.67 (29.09) | 21.23 (23.29) | 35.23 (22.98) |
| Bilateral | 30 | 34.27 (27.62) | 38.07 (25.09) | 53.49 (33.34) | 51.45 (33.24) | 47.66 (34.28) | 31.52 (37.55) | 42.33 (27.15) |
| Without | 9 | 45.97 (24.81) | 41.56 (24.52) | 54.58 (40.17) | 63.47 (21.26) | 42.74 (35.09) | 24.25 (27.64) | 35.28 (22.36) |
| p-value | 0.1609 | 0.5158 | 0.0209 | 0.1602 | 0.4832 | 0.6587 | 0.6544 | |
| Number of ASM taken ** | ||||||||
| Monotherapy | 51 | 29.10 (27.54) | 31.89 (26.72) | 44.60 (31.77) | 47.30 (33.90) | 47.49 (32.87) | 26.40 (32.17) | 39.07 (26.54) |
| ≥2 | 26 | 34.00 (26.46) | 37.55 (24.21) | 36.95 (31.03) | 40.50 (33.01) | 43.35 (36.03) | 29.30 (35.26) | 36.13 (25.25) |
| Without | 14 | 36.38 (28.76) | 44.00 (24.40) | 51.13 (35.73) | 53.56 (35.20) | 50.84 (36.53) | 37.21 (25.34) | 36.99 (23.80) |
| p-value | 0.5939 | 0.2643 | 0.3863 | 0.4867 | 0.7885 | 0.5390 | 0.8849 | |
| Epilepsy type (onset) * | ||||||||
| Focal | 79 | 32.21 (27.16) | 35.77 (24.92) | 43.19 (32.77) | 46.66 (34.50) | 48.57 (34.86) | 29.34 (32.44) | 37.91 (25.88) |
| Generalized | 12 | 28.13 (29.06) | 32.77 (32.11) | 44.94 (29.14) | 44.11 (29.51) | 35.37 (26.64) | 25.91 (30.58) | 37.93 (24.17) |
| p-value | 0.6320 | 0.7096 | 0.8618 | 0.8089 | 0.2128 | 0.7319 | 0.9980 | |
| Etiology ** | ||||||||
| Unknown | 39 | 29.10 (24.44) | 34.94 (24.45) | 45.73 (31.87) | 43.92 (33.90) | 51.93 (35.66) | 31.37 (35.32) | 43.55 (27.22) |
| Structural | 48 | 32.86 (25.88) | 35.65 (25.05) | 43.91 (30.64) | 47.30 (34.06) | 51.98 (33.54) | 31.46 (33.00) | 37.79 (24.84) |
| Genetic | 4 | 30.63 (31.84) | 40.50 (39.08) | 45.50 (34.82) | 43.79 (39.98) | 58.68 (41.55) | 36.25 (44.16) | 47.81 (34.93) |
| p-value | 0.7912 | 0.9163 | 0.9632 | 0.8946 | 0.9310 | 0.9631 | 0.5145 | |
| Presence of aura * | ||||||||
| Yes | 35 | 29.14 (24.87) | 31.27 (24.33) | 35.36 (26.93) | 44.32 (32.33) | 42.68 (31.87) | 22.71 (29.49) | 33.52 (20.32) |
| No | 56 | 33.25 (28.80) | 37.93 (26.56) | 48.46 (34.32) | 47.57 (34.83) | 49.42 (35.39) | 32.76 (33.23) | 40.65 (28.14) |
| p-value | 0.4876 | 0.2328 | 0.0583 | 0.6574 | 0.3613 | 0.1466 | 0.1967 | |
| Seizure type * | ||||||||
| With motor tonic–clonic | 78 | 33.65 (28.45) | 35.75 (26.20) | 42.90 (32.63) | 47.74 (35.20) | 47.91 (35.43) | 27.91 (31.88) | 37.69 (26.88) |
| Without motor tonic–clonic | 13 | 19.79 (14.55) | 33.11 (24.02) | 46.57 (30.29) | 37.82 (22.30) | 40.33 (24.32) | 34.80 (33.78) | 39.23 (15.86) |
| p-value | 0.0901 | 0.7346 | 0.7056 | 0.3292 | 0.4606 | 0.4761 | 0.8417 | |
| Presence of seizures in sleep * | ||||||||
| Yes | 17 | 41.60 (30.35) | 47.12 (29.28) | 53.34 (33.68) | 59.51 (30.44) | 49.20 (36.30) | 40.22 (35.43) | 45.26 (28.41) |
| No | 74 | 29.39 (26.22) | 32.67 (24.32) | 41.14 (31.60) | 43.29 (33.93) | 46.28 (33.76) | 26.29 (30.90) | 36.22 (24.73) |
| p-value | 0.0963 | 0.0364 | 0.1596 | 0.0738 | 0.7519 | 0.1065 | 0.1897 | |
| Seizure control * | ||||||||
| Uncontrolled | 82 | 30.22 (27.08) | 32.62 (25.08) | 40.08 (31.05) | 43.86 (33.60) | 46.34 (34.11) | 26.57 (31.04) | 35.07 (24.43) |
| Controlled | 9 | 44.86 (27.07) | 60.44 (18.16) | 73.83 (26.92) | 68.73 (27.47) | 61.58 (27.62) | 50.04 (35.30) | 63.75 (21.39) |
| p-value | 0.1272 | 0.0017 | 0.0024 | 0.0351 | 0.1995 | 0.0363 | 0.0011 | |
* Independent t-test. ** ANOVA.