Table 3.
Results for long chain n-3 supplementation interventions conducted during pregnancy
| Author, year (ref)Country | Asthma and/or wheeze | Eczema | Food allergy | Sensitization | Other outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Furuhjelm 2009 (45) Furuhjelm 2011 (46) Sweden |
IgE-associated asthma: RR (95% CI)*: 1 year: N/A 0–2 years: 0.59 (0.11–3.11) Any asthma: RR (95% CI)*: 1 year: N/A 0–2 years: 1.05 (0.41–2.72) |
OR (95% CI): 1 year: 0.22 (0.06–0.81) 0–2 years: 0.33 (0.1–1.1) |
OR (95% CI): 1 year: 0.09 (0.01–0.74) 0–2 years: 0.26 (0.07–0.99) |
Any skin prick test OR (95% CI): 1 year: 0.36 (0.14–0.95) 0–2 years: 0.43 (0.17–1.10) IgE RR (95% CI)*: 1 year: 0.53 (0.24–1.20) 0–2 years: 0.75 (0.39–1.45) |
Any allergic disease OR (95% CI): 1 year: N/A 0–2 years: 0.29 (0.1–0.86) |
| Bisgaard 2016 (29) Denmark |
Persistent wheeze or asthma: HR (95% CI): 0–3 or 5 years: 0.69 (0.49–0.97) 0–5 years: 0.68 (0.49–0.95) 0–7 years: 0.66 (0.47–0.91) |
HR (95% CI): 0–3 or 5 years: 1.19 (0.89–1.57) 0–5 years: 1.10 (0.83–1.44) |
N/A | Any skin prick test OR (95% CI): 0.5–1.5 years: 1.34 (0.76–2.37) IgE OR (95% CI): 0.5–1.5 years: 1.72 (0.96–3.15) |
Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis OR (95% CI): 0–5 years: 0.70 (0.43–1.12) Lung function tests 0–5 years: all NS |
| Olsen 2008 (30) Denmark |
Allergic asthma 0–16 years HR (95% CI): 0.13 (0.03–0.60) Any asthma 0–16 years HR (95% CI): 0.37 (0.15–0.92) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | Allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, or allergic rhinitis 0–16 years HR (95% CI): 0.31 (0.11–0.84) |
| Dunstan 2003 (31) Australia |
Asthma 1 year RR (95% CI)*: 0.36 (0.08–1.67) |
Atopic dermatitis 1 year RR (95% CI)*: 1.49 (0.84–2.63) |
Food allergy 1 year RR (95% CI)*: 0.65 (0.17–2.53) |
Any skin prick test 1 year RR (95% CI)*: 0.68 (0.34–1.37) |
N/A |
|
DOMInO Palmer 2012 (32) Palmer 2013 (33) Best 2016 (34) Best 2018 (35) Australia |
Asthma/wheeze with sensitization RR (95% CI) 1 year: N/A 1–3 years*: 1.10 (0.34 to 3.58) 6 years: N/A 0–6 years: 0.85 (0.62–1.17) |
Eczema with sensitization RR (95% CI) 1 year: 0.64 (0.40 to 1.03) 1–3 years: 0.75 (0.53–1.05) 6 years: 0.95 (0.59–1.53) 0–6 years: 0.77 (0.53–1.13) |
Food allergy with sensitization RR (95% CI) 1 year: 0.96 (0.41 to 2.25) 1–3 years: 1.25 (0.63–2.49) 6 years: N/A 0–6 years: N/A |
Sensitization RR (95% CI) 1 year: 0.75 (0.53 to 1.04) 1–3 years: 0.85 (0.68–1.06) 6 years: 0–6 years: 0.97 (0.82–1.15) |
Allergic disease with sensitization RR (95% CI) 1 year: 0.70 (0.45 to 1.09) 1–3 years: 0.78 (0.58–1.06) 6 years: 1.04 (0.82–1.33) 0–6 years: 0.88 (0.69, 1.12) Allergic rhinitis with sensitization RR (95% CI) 1 year: N/A 1–3 years: 0.82 (0.43–1.53) 6 years: 0.98 (0.72–1.35) 0–6 years: 0.86 (0.63, 1.16) Rhino-conjunctivitis with sensitization: RR (95% CI) 1 year: N/A 1–3 years: N/A 6 years: 1.12 (0.72–1.73) 0–6 years: 0.81 (0.55, 1.21) |
| Imhoff-Kunsch 2011 (36) Escamilla-Nunez 2014 (37) Mexico |
Wheezing OR (95% CI) 0.5 year: 1.11 (0.72–1.70) IRR (95% CI) 1.5 years, maternal atopy: 0.88 (0.64–1.21) 1.5 years, non-maternal atopy: 1.03 (0.83–1.28) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Berman (38) USA |
Asthma/wheeze 3 years RR (95% CI)* DHA: 0.59 (0.20–1.79) EPA: 1.12 (0.48–2.60) |
Eczema 3 years OR (95% CI) DHA: 9.5 (1.5–59.6) EPA: 8.1 (1.4–46.3) |
Food allergy 3 years RR (95% CI)* 1.73 (0.46–6.52) |
N/A | N/A |
*
Calculated from reported n of events.
IgE: immunoglobulin E; RR: risk ratio; CI: confidence interval; y: years; OR: odds ratio; HR: hazard ratio; n-3: omega 3; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid.