Table 2.
Disordered REM sleep features during early development related to neurodevelopmental disorders in humans.
| Diseases | Onset Period | Disordered REM Sleep | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| SUID/SIDS | Infant (1–6 months) | Longer intervals between REM sleep epochs during the sleep cycle and a decreased tendency for short waking periods. Failure to arouse from sleep during a critical transient event, such as apnea. An increased nighttime REM sleep coincides with an early morning time period. |
[36,84] |
| Narcolepsy | Childhood | Intrusions of REM sleep into the other ongoing states. Narcolepsy Type 1 has more severe motor instability during REM sleep. |
[47,48,90] |
| ASD | Childhood | Fewer and briefer episodes of REM sleep. Lower EEG beta activity during REM sleep over cortical visual areas. |
[100,101] |
| Prematurity | Infant | REM sleep with less or without REMS. Less REM sleep. |
[54,106] |
| ADHD | Childhood | Shorter REM sleep latency and more daytime sleepiness. ADHD coexists with tic disorder showing not only shorter REM sleep latency but also an increased duration of REM sleep. Microarousals and short motor-related arousal during REM sleep. |
[119,120] |
| RBD | Adulthood | Neuromotor system dysfunction during REM sleep in early development. | [124] |