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Proposed schematic diagram of the present study. A. baumannii was treated with colistin alone, which mainly selected mutations in lpxACD genes, resulting in LPS-deficient colistin-resistant strains. On the other hand, strains with modified LPS due to mutations in pmrAB were generated on treatment with combination of antimicrobials. LPS-modified colistin-resistant strains exhibit lower biological costs and higher drug resistance/virulence than LPS-deficient strains.
