Table 1.

The proportion of households in extreme poverty by socioeconomic status (SES), association between being in an extreme poverty household and socioeconomic status, and effect of each SES factor as illustrated by the PAF and different pseudo-R-squared values.

Category		Other Wealth Index Quintiles (0)	The Lowest Wealth Index Quintile (1)	Chi2 (p-Value)	Univariate		Multivariate		Population Attributable Fraction: PAF	Different Pseudo R2
No. (Column%)		No. (Column%)	No. (Column%)		OR (95%CI)	p Value	AOR (95%CI)	p Value
Poverty status (n = 35,393)
	Poorest: 10,054 (28.40%)
	Poor: 7953 (22.47%)
	Middle: 6861 (19.39%)
	Rich: 5847 (16.52%)
	Richest: 4678 (13.22%)
Residential area (n = 35,393)
	Urban (municipal): 14,146 (39.97%)	11,305 (44.62%)	2841 (28.26%)	802.70 (<0.001) *	Reference				Reference	0.0026
	Rural (non-municipal): 21,247 (60.03%)	14,034 (55.38%)	7213 (71.74%)		2.04 (1.94, 2.15)	<0.001 *	1.38 (1.30, 1.46)	<0.001 *	0.1960
Residential region (n = 35,391)						<0.001 *		<0.001 *
	Bangkok (a): 3436 (9.71%)	3014 (11.89%)	422 (4.20%)	892.99 (<0.001) * all are distinct **	Reference				Reference	0.0280
	Central (b): 8768 (24.77%)	6647 (26.24%)	2121 (21.10%)		2.27 (2.03, 2.55)	<0.001 *	1.49 (1.32, 1.69)	<0.001 *	0.3862
	Northern (c): 5452 (15.4%)	3860 (15.23%)	1592 (15.83%)		2.94 (2.61, 3.31)	<0.001 *	1.28 (1.12, 1.46)	<0.001 *
	Northeastern (d): 10,734 (30.33%)	6280 (24.78%)	4454 (44.30%)		5.06 (4.54, 5.64)	<0.001 *	3.11 (2.75, 3.52)	<0.001 *
	Southern (e): 7003 (19.79%)	5538 (21.86%)	1465 (14.57%)		1.88 (1.68, 2.12)	<0.001 *	0.82 (0.71, 0.94)	0.005 *
Head of household language (n = 35,393)
	Thai: 32,018 (90.46%)	23,627 (93.24%)	8391 (83.46%)	798.80 (<0.001) *	Reference				Reference	0.0097
	Non-Thai: 3375 (9.54%)	1712 (6.76%)	1663 (16.54%)		2.73 (2.54, 2.93)	<0.001 *	2.90 (2.61, 3.22)	<0.001 *	0.1081
Head of household religion (n = 35,393)						<0.001 *		<0.001 *
	Buddhism (a): 31,735 (89.67%)	22,836 (90.13%)	8899 (88.51%)	151.02 (<0.001) * a and b differ from d **	Reference				Reference	0.0007
	Islam (b): 3296 (9.31%)	2345 (9.26%)	951 (9.46%)		1.04 (0.96, 1.12)	0.324	1.13 (0.99, 1.29)	0.062	0.0225
	Christianity (c): 336 (0.95%)	147 (0.58%)	189 (1.88%)		3.29 (2.65, 4.09)	<0.001 *	1.76 (1.36, 2.28)	<0.001 *
	Others (d): 9 (0.03%)	6 (0.02%)	3 (0.03%)		1.28 (0.32, 5.13)	0.725	2.38 (0.97, 5.86)	0.058
	No religion (e): 15 (0.04%)	3 (0.01%)	12 (0.12%)		10.2 (2.89, 36.3)	<0.001 *	5.64 (1.40, 22.61)	0.015 *
Head of household education (n = 35,367)						<0.001 *		<0.001 *
	Kindergarten or none (a): 2254 (6.36%)	883 (3.48%)	1371 (13.65%)	3600.00 (<0.001) * all are distinct **	Reference				0.1024	0.0778
	Primary (b): 20,950 (59.24%)	13,670 (53.98%)	7280 (72.51%)		0.34 (0.31, 0.37)	<0.001 *	0.38 (0.34, 0.42)	<0.001 *	Reference
	Lower Secondary (c): 3540 (10.01%)	2822 (11.14%)	718 (7.15%)		0.16 (0.14, 0.18)	<0.001 *	0.18 (0.16, 0.21)	<0.001 *
	Upper Secondary (d): 4073 (11.52%)	3540 (13.98%)	533 (5.31%)		0.09 (0.08, 0.10)	<0.001 *	0.11 (0.09, 0.12)	<0.001 *
	Higher (e): 4550 (12.87%)	4411 (17.42%)	139 (1.38%)		0.02 (0.01, 0.02)	<0.001 *	0.02 (0.02, 0.03)	<0.001 *
Head of household sex (n = 35,392)
	Male: 20,695 (58.47%)	14,962 (59.05%)	5733 (57.02%)	12.19 (<0.001) *	Reference				0.0648	0.0005
	Female: 14,697 (41.53%)	10,376 (40.95%)	4321 (42.98%)		1.08 (1.03, 1.13)	<0.001 *	0.89 (0.84, 0.94)	<0.001 *	Reference

Different pseudo R²: comparison of the full model (pseudo R² = 0.1871) and the full model without an interesting factor; the full model adjusted for the residential area and region, HOH language, HOH religion, HOH education, HOH sex, number of household members, and number of children and adolescents in the household; * statistically significant at alpha = 0.05; ** statistically significant at Bonferroni correction alpha = 0.0005.