Table 2.
The proportion of stunting among children under 5 years by socioeconomic status (SES), association between being stunted and socioeconomic status, and effect of each SES as illustrated by the PAF and different pseudo-R-squared values.
| Category | Normal Height for Age (0) |
Stunting (1) | Chi2 (p-Value) | Univariate | Multivariate | Population Attributable Fraction: PAF | Different Pseudo R2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (Column%) | No. (Column%) | No. (Column%) | OR (95%CI) | p Value | AOR (95%CI) | p Value | ||||
| Poverty status (n = 13,649) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | ||||||||
| Poorest (a): 3338 (24.46%) | 2805 (23.54%) | 533 (30.76%) | 57.13 (<0.001) * a differs from c,d,e ** |
Reference | 0.0700 | 0.0021 | ||||
| Poor (b): 3128 (22.91%) | 2717 (22.80%) | 411 (23.72%) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.91) | 0.001 * | 0.83 (0.71, 0.95) | 0.008 * | Reference | |||
| Middle (c): 2888 (21.16%) | 2539 (21.31%) | 349 (20.13%) | 0.72 (0.62, 0.83) | <0.001 * | 0.76 (0.65, 0.88) | <0.001 * | ||||
| Rich (d): 2489 (18.24%) | 2237 (18.77%) | 252 (14.54%) | 0.59 (0.50, 0.69) | <0.001 * | 0.68 (0.57, 0.81) | <0.001 * | ||||
| Richest (e): 1806 (13.23%) | 1618 (13.58%) | 188 (10.85%) | 0.61 (0.51, 0.72) | <0.001 * | 0.78 (0.63, 0.97) | 0.026 * | ||||
| Residential area (n = 13,649) | ||||||||||
| Urban (municipal): 4674 (34.24%) | 4118 (34.56%) | 556 (32.08%) | 4.12 (0.042) * |
Reference | 0.0038 | 0.0000 | ||||
| Rural (non-municipal): 8975 (65.76%) | 7798 (65.44%) | 1177 (67.92%) | 1.11 (1.00, 1.24) | 0.043 * | 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) | 0.843 | Reference | |||
| Residential region (n = 13,649) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | ||||||||
| Bangkok (a): 677 (4.96%) | 593 (4.98%) | 84 (4.85%) | 54.79 (<0.001) * b differs from c,d,e ** |
Reference | 0.0074 | 0.0027 | ||||
| Central (b): 3562 (26.10%) | 3222 (27.04%) | 340 (19.62%) | 0.74 (0.57, 0.96) | 0.023 * | 0.68 (0.52, 0.90) | 0.005* | Reference | |||
| Northern (c): 2061 (15.10%) | 1774 (14.89%) | 287 (16.56%) | 1.14 (0.88, 1.48) | 0.317 | 1.00 (0.76, 1.33) | 0.977 | ||||
| Northeastern (d): 4372 (32.03%) | 3809 (31.97%) | 563 (32.49%) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.33) | 0.734 | 0.92 (0.70, 1.20) | 0.532 | ||||
| Southern (e): 2977 (21.81%) | 2518 (21.13%) | 459 (26.49%) | 1.28 (1.00, 1.65) | 0.047 * | 0.95 (0.72, 1.26) | 0.726 | ||||
| Household leader’s language (n = 13,649) | ||||||||||
| Thai: 12,213 (89.48%) | 10,760 (90.30%) | 1453 (83.84%) | 66.98 (<0.001) * |
Reference | Reference | 0.0004 | ||||
| Non-Thai: 1436 (10.52%) | 1156 (9.70%) | 280 (16.16%) | 1.79 (1.55, 2.06) | <0.001 * | 1.21 (1.01, 1.46) | 0.043 * | 0.0282 | |||
| Household leader’s religion (n = 13,649) | <0.001 * | 0.007 * | ||||||||
| Buddhism (a): 11,970 (87.71%) | 10,555 (88.59%) | 1415 (81.65%) | 68.32 (<0.001) * a differs from b ** |
Reference | Reference | 0.0009 | ||||
| Islam (b): 1526 (11.18%) | 1236 (10.37%) | 290 (16.73%) | 1.75 (1.52, 2.01) | <0.001 * | 1.39 (1.13, 1.71) | 0.002 * | 0.0484 | |||
| Christianity (c): 149 (1.09%) | 121 (1.02%) | 28 (1.62%) | 1.72 (1.14, 2.61) | 0.010 * | 1.25 (0.81, 1.92) | 0.310 | ||||
| Others (d): 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||||||||
| No religion (e): 2 (0.01%) | 2 (0.02%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||||||||
| Household leader’s education (n = 13,649) | <0.001 * | 0.097 | ||||||||
| Kindergarten or none (a): 737 (5.41%) | 602 (5.06%) | 135 (7.79%) | 36.91 (<0.001) * a differs from b,d,e and b differs from e ** |
Reference | 0.0144 | 0.0008 | ||||
| Primary (b): 8080 (59.25%) | 7044 (59.16%) | 1036 (59.82%) | 0.65 (0.53, 0.79) | <0.001 * | 0.83 (0.65, 1.05) | 0.128 | Reference | |||
| Lower Secondary (c): 1574 (11.54%) | 1363 (11.45%) | 211 (12.18%) | 0.69 (0.54, 0.87) | 0.002 * | 0.83 (0.63, 1.10) | 0.194 | ||||
| Upper Secondary (d): 1738 (12.74%) | 1531 (12.86%) | 207 (11.95%) | 0.60 (0.47, 0.76) | <0.001 * | 0.74 (0.56, 0.98) | 0.035 * | ||||
| Higher (e): 1509 (11.06%) | 1366 (11.47%) | 143 (8.26%) | 0.46 (0.36, 0.60) | <0.001 * | 0.66 (0.49, 0.91) | 0.010* | ||||
| Maternal education (n = 13,649) | <0.001 * | 0.290 | ||||||||
| Kindergarten or none (a): 463 (3.39%) | 386 (3.24%) | 77 (4.44%) | 25.97 (<0.001) * a and c differ from e ** |
Reference | Reference | 0.0005 | ||||
| Primary (b): 4221 (30.94%) | 3671 (30.82%) | 550 (31.74%) | 0.75 (0.57, 0.97) | 0.031 * | 0.98 (0.73, 1.35) | 0.946 | 0.0388 | |||
| Lower Secondary (c): 2684 (19.67%) | 2307 (19.37%) | 377 (21.75%) | 0.81 (0.62, 1.07) | 0.144 | 1.14 (0.83, 1.56) | 0.428 | ||||
| Upper Secondary (d): 3104 (22.75%) | 2706 (22.72%) | 398 (22.97%) | 0.73 (0.56, 0.96) | 0.025 * | 1.09 (0.79, 1.50) | 0.597 | ||||
| Higher (e): 3172 (23.25%) | 2841 (23.85%) | 331 (19.10%) | 0.58 (0.44, 0.76) | <0.001 * | 0.97 (0.69, 1.35) | 0.842 | ||||
| Sex (n = 13,649) | ||||||||||
| Male: 7012 (51.37%) | 6094 (51.14%) | 918 (52.97%) | 2.03 (0.154) |
Reference | 0.0383 | 0.0002 | ||||
| Female: 6637 (48.63%) | 5822 (48.86%) | 815 (47.03%) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.02) | 0.154 | Reference | |||||
Different pseudo R2: comparison of the full model (pseudo R2 = 0.0156) and the full model without an interesting factor; the full model adjusted for household poverty, residential area and region, HOH language, HOH religion, HOH education, maternal education, sex, number of household members, number of children and adolescents in the household; * statistically significant at alpha = 0.05; ** statistically significant at Bonferroni correction alpha = 0.0005.