Table 3.
The proportion of children born with low birth weight by socioeconomic status (SES), association between having low birth weight and socioeconomic status, and effect of each SES as illustrated by the PAF and different pseudo-R-squared values.
| Category | Non-Low Birth Weight (0) | Low Birth Weight (1) | Chi2 (p Value) | Univariate | Multivariate | Population Attributable Fraction: PAF | Different Pseudo R2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (Column%) | No. (Column%) | No. (Column%) | OR (95%CI) | p Value | AOR (95%CI) | p Value | ||||
| Poverty status (n = 11,510) | 0.002 * | 0.022 * | ||||||||
| Poorest (a): 2907 (25.26%) | 2589 (24.88%) | 318 (28.83%) | 16.49 (0.002) * a differs from e ** |
Reference | 0.0437 | 0.0016 | ||||
| Poor (b): 2692 (23.39%) | 2412 (23.18%) | 280 (25.39%) | 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) | 0.518 | 0.95 (0.80, 1.13) | 0.538 | Reference | |||
| Middle (c): 2438 (21.18%) | 2225 (21.38%) | 213 (19.31%) | 0.77 (0.64, 0.93) | 0.007 * | 0.78 (0.64, 0.4) | 0.011 * | ||||
| Rich (d): 2070 (17.98%) | 1903 (18.29%) | 167 (15.14%) | 0.71 (0.58, 0.86) | 0.001 * | 0.74 (0.59, 0.92) | 0.006 * | ||||
| Richest (e): 1403 (12.19%) | 1278 (12.28%) | 125 (11.33%) | 0.79 (0.64, 0.99) | 0.040 * | 0.88 (0.67, 1.15) | 0.348 | ||||
| Residential area (n = 11,510) | ||||||||||
| Urban (municipal): 3789 (32.92%) | 3442 (33.07%) | 347 (31.46%) | 1.18 (0.278) |
Reference | Reference | 0.0000 | ||||
| Rural (non-municipal): 7721 (67.08%) | 6965 (66.93%) | 756 (68.54%) | 1.07 (0.94, 1.23) | 0.276 | 0.0322 | |||||
| Residential region (n = 11,510) | 0.484 | |||||||||
| Bangkok (a): 458 (3.98%) | 415 (3.99%) | 43 (3.90%) | 3.48 (0.481) |
Reference | 0.0012 | 0.0003 | ||||
| Central (b): 2936 (25.51%) | 2674 (25.69%) | 262 (23.75%) | 0.94 (0.67, 1.32) | 0.745 | Reference | |||||
| Northern (c): 1770 (15.38%) | 1606 (15.43%) | 164 (14.87%) | 0.98 (0.69, 1.40) | 0.936 | ||||||
| Northeastern (d): 3918 (34.04%) | 3518 (33.80%) | 400 (36.26%) | 1.09 (0.78, 1.52) | 0.584 | ||||||
| Southern (e): 2428 (21.09%) | 2194 (21.08%) | 234 (21.21%) | 1.02 (0.73, 1.44) | 0.870 | ||||||
| Household leader’s language (n = 11,510) | ||||||||||
| Thai: 10,361 (90.02%) | 9361 (89.95%) | 1000 (90.66%) | 0.56 (0.453) |
Reference | 0.2135 | 0.0005 | ||||
| Non-Thai: 1149 (9.98%) | 1046 (10.05%) | 103 (9.34%) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.14) | 0.455 | Reference | |||||
| Household leader’s religion (n = 11,508) | 0.445 | |||||||||
| Buddhism (a): 10,152 (88.22%) | 9187 (88.29%) | 965 (87.49%) | 3.02 (0.388) |
Reference | Reference | 0.0003 | ||||
| Islam (b): 1215 (10.56%) | 1096 (10.53%) | 119 (10.79%) | 1.03 (0.84, 1.26) | 0.744 | 0.0199 | |||||
| Christianity (c): 139 (1.21%) | 120 (1.15%) | 19 (1.72%) | 1.49 (0.91, 2.43) | 0.106 | ||||||
| Others (d): 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||||||||
| No religion (e): 2 (0.02%) | 2 (0.02%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||||||||
| Household leader’s education (n = 11,502) | 0.308 | |||||||||
| Kindergarten or none (a): 600 (5.22%) | 535 (5.14%) | 65 (9.50%) | 4.85 (0.303) |
Reference | 0.0084 | 0.0002 | ||||
| Primary (b): 65,958 (60.49%) | 6218 (60.39%) | 677 (61.43%) | 0.88 (0.67, 1.16) | 0.390 | Reference | |||||
| Lower Secondary (c): 1312 (11.41%) | 1181 (11.36%) | 131 (11.89%) | 0.91 (0.66, 1.25) | 0.578 | ||||||
| Upper Secondary (d): 1443 (12.55%) | 1310 (12.60%) | 133 (12.07%) | 0.83 (0.61, 1.14) | 0.264 | ||||||
| Higher (e): 1189 (10.34%) | 1093 (10.51%) | 96 (8.71%) | 0.72 (0.51, 1.00) | 0.056 | ||||||
| Maternal education (n = 11,507) | 0.019 * | 0.066 | ||||||||
| Kindergarten or none (a): 368 (3.20%) | 333 (3.20%) | 35 (3.17%) | 13.18 (0.01) * b differs from d ** |
Reference | Reference 0.0854 |
0.0012 | ||||
| Primary (b): 3620 (31.46%) | 3254 (31.28%) | 366 (33.18%) | 1.06 (0.74, 1.54) | 0.718 | 1.07 (0.71, 1.63) | 0.727 | 0.0433 | |||
| Lower Secondary (c): 2251 (19.56%) | 2010 (19.32%) | 241 (21.85%) | 1.14 (0.78, 1.65) | 0.491 | 1.12 (0.73, 1.70) | 0.607 | ||||
| Upper Secondary (d): 2677 (23.26%) | 2420 (23.26%) | 257 (23.30%) | 1.01 (0.69, 1.46) | 0.956 | 1.01 (0.66, 1.54) | 0.969 | ||||
| Higher (e): 2591 (22.52%) | 2387 (22.94%) | 204 (18.50%) | 0.81 (0.55, 1.18) | 0.280 | 0.80 (0.52, 1.25) | 0.328 | ||||
| Sex (n = 11,510) | ||||||||||
| Male: 5943 (51.63%) | 5424 (52.12%) | 519 (47.05%) | 10.25 (0.001) * |
Reference | Reference | 0.0014 | ||||
| Female: 5567 (48.37%) | 4983 (47.88%) | 584 (52.95%) | 1.22 (1.08, 1.38) | 0.001 * | 1.23 (1.08, 1.39) | 0.001 * | 0.0999 | |||
Different pseudo R2: comparison of the full model (pseudo R2 = 0.0092) and the full model without an interesting factor; the full model adjusted for household poverty, residential area and region, HOH language, HOH religion, HOH education, maternal education, gender, number of household members, number of children and adolescents in the household; * statistically significant at alpha = 0.05; ** statistically significant at Bonferroni correction alpha =0.0005.