Table 3.
Joint association of blood lead, mercury, and manganese with language, motor, and cognitive development in children 1–12 months of age a.
| Metals (µg/L) | Bayley Scales | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Motor | Cognitive | |
| ß (CI 95%) | ß (CI 95%) | ß (CI 95%) | |
| Pb | −0.35 (−0.12–0.52) | −1.06 (−1.95–−0.17) ** | −0.13 (−0.97–0.70) |
| Hg | 0.07 (−4.73–4.86) | −2.79 (−7.70–2.11) | 0.68 (−3.98–5.34) |
| Mn | −0.30 (−1.32–0.73) | −0.82 (−1.87–0.22) | 0.09 (−0.90–1.08) |
| Pb # Hg | 0.04 (−0.32–0.39) | 0.38 (0.02–0.75) * | 0.03 (−0.32–0.37) |
| Pb # Mn | 0.03 (−0.05–0.11) | 0.09 (0.01–0.18) * | 0.004 (−0.74–0.83) |
| Hg # Mn | 0.006 (−0.44–0.45) | 0.29 (−0.17–0.75) | −0.11 (−0.31–0.33) |
| Pb # Hg # Mn | 0.007 (−0.04–0.03) | −0.04 (−0.07–−0.003) * | 0.0008 (−0.03–0.03) |
n = 522 observations. a Multilevel models based on municipality subdivision and child and adjusted by age, maternal IQ, child’s age, sex, and BMI (z-score). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.