Elevated plasma and hepatic lipid concentrations in offspring of HF/HCD-fed dams without and with GDM. (A) Fetal brain weight, (B) liver weight, and (C) brain-to-liver ratio. Fetal (D) pooled plasma lipid concentrations (n = 3 chow, 6 HF/HCD w/o GDM, 3 HF/HCD GDM), (E) hepatic lipid content (n = 5), and (F) hepatic gene expression of lipid metabolism-related genes (n = 4). (G) Plasma glucose concentrations in pooled fetal plasma samples (n = 3 chow, 6 HF/HCD w/o GDM, 3 HF/HCD GDM). Data represent mean + SD and were analyzed with 1-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. * p < 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001 indicates the comparison to the chow condition.