Figure 3.

A schematic presentation of EVs biogenetic mechanism. Exosome formation begins with the inward budding of the membrane, with the formation of microvesicles and the internalization of transmembrane proteins. Microvesicles are separated from cell membrane and subsequently form early endosomes with the internalized molecules being either delivered back to the cell membrane or further directed into the intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). The ILVs are split into the lumen of MVB, with MVB being either fused with the cell membrane for the exocytosis of exosomes or being fused with autophagosome and lysosome, forming amphisome, or being led to the lysosome for degradation. Microvesicles biogenesis starts with the outward budding of the plasma membrane, while the production of apoptotic bodies is through cell apoptosis with the formation of the apoptotic cell body and apoptotic bodies. This figure was created with “BioRender.com” accessed on 27 August 2022. (Agreement number QX24C1405A).