. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 26.

Published in final edited form as: Ann Appl Stat. 2022 Jun 13;16(2):1090–1110. doi: 10.1214/21-aoas1533

Table 3.

Summary of methods and performance. The first three columns show what data features the method accounts for by design. The last three columns summarize relative performance of the methods and indicates the recommended method based on study objectives of estimating the exposure-response function (ER) and detecting interactions among exposures. These recommendations are based on the simulation study results.

Method	Method accounts for by design			Method recommended use
	exposure timing	inter- actions	non- linearity	detecting interactions	Estimating ER
	exposure timing	inter- actions	non- linearity	detecting interactions	wk signal^* modest n	st signal^* large n
Add. DLM	✓
Add. DLNM	✓		✓
BKMR		✓	✓		✓
BKMR-DLM	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓

denotes weaker signal and stronger signal, respectively.

ER: exposure-response