TABLE 1.

Tumor types and characteristics of various active components of ginseng.

Type	Composition	Tumor type	Synergistic reaction	Features
Ginsenosides and Their Metabolites	Rb1, Rb2, Rb3、Rc, Rd, Rg3, Rg5, Rh2, Rs11, Rk1, F2, CK, Re, Re7, Rg1, Rg18, Rh1, Rh4, Rp1, Rf, F1, PPD, 25-OH-PPD, 25-OCH3-PPD	Esophageal, Stomach, Liver, Colon, Pancreas, and Gallbladder	Cisplatin, Docetaxel, Doxorubicin, Gemcitabine, Oxaliplatin, Sorafenib and 5-FU	①Wide range of anti-tumor effects
Ginseng Polysaccharides	GFP1, PGP2a、PGPW1, Ginsan、WGPA-1-HG, 2-HG, 3-HG, 4-HG, WGPA-3-RG, 4-RG	Stomach, Liver, Colon	-	②Anti-tumor components are complex and time- and dose-dependent
Ginseng Polyacetylenes	PND, PNT, PNN	Liver, Pancreas, and Colon	Gemcitabine	③Anti-tumor effects are exerted through multiple pathways
Sterols	β-Sitosterl, Stigmasterol	Stomach, Liver, Colorectal, and Gallbladder	Cisplatin, Gemcitabine, Oxaliplatin and Paclitaxel	④Synergistic effects can be produced in combination with multiple anti-tumor therapies to improve efficacy and reduce toxic side effects
Volatile Oils	β-Panasinsene	Stomach, Liver, Colorectal, Pancreas, and Bile Duct	Cetuximab, Doxorubicin, Erlotinib, Gefitinib, Oxaliplatin, Paclitaxel and 5-FU	⑤Combined with novel drug delivery systems
	α-Gurjunene, Germacrene
	β-Gurjunene
	β-Elemene
	β-Caryophyllene
	β-Neoclovene
Organic Acids	Citric Acid, Cinnamic Acid, Fumaric Acid, Maleic Acid, Salicylic Acid	Liver, Colorecta	Cisplatin	⑥Prevention of precancerous lesions