Table 1.
Dysbiosis of intestine microbes in chronic liver diseases.
| Disease | Dysbiosis of the Microbes | Metabolite Changes | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intestinal Leakage | Facultative anaerobes ↑ | LPS ↑ SCFAs ↓ |
[29] |
| [30] | |||
| NAFLD | Firmicutes ↓ | ethanol ↑ SCFAs ↓ |
[50] |
| Bacteroides ↑ | [51] | ||
| Proteobacteria ↑ Enterobacteriaceae ↑ Escherichia ↑ |
[52] | ||
|
Coprococcus ↓ Ruminococcus gnavus ↓ |
[53] | ||
| AFLD | Bacteroidaceae ↓ Prevotellaceae ↓ |
cytolytic hemolysin ↑ candida hemolysin ↑ |
[75] |
|
Veilonella ↑ Enterococcus faecalis ↑ |
[76,77] | ||
| Candida albicans ↑ | [78] | ||
| CHB |
Bifidobacteria ↑ Enterococcus ↓ |
hepatitis C virus ↑ | [86] |
| Firmicutes ↓ Lactobacillus ↑ |
[88] | ||
| CHC | Bacterioidetes ↑ Enterobacteriaceae ↑ Viridans streptococci ↑ Firmicutes ↓ |
hepatitis B virus ↑ LPS ↑ |
[93] |
|
Lactobacillus ↑ Streptococcus ↑ Clostridiales ↓ |
[94] | ||
| AIH | Veillonella ↑ | LPS ↑ | [104,107] |
| Verrucomicrobia ↑ | [108] | ||
| Synergistetes ↓ Lentisphaerae ↓ | |||
| Proteobacteria ↑ Bacteroidetes ↑ |
[109] | ||
| Bifidobacterium ↓ | [104,110] | ||
| HCC | E. coli ↑ | LPS ↑ | [117] |
| Oribacterium ↑ | [119] | ||
| Fusobacterium ↑ | |||
| Bacteroides ↑ | [120] | ||
| Lachnospiracea ↑ | |||
| Incertae Sedis ↑ |
LPS, lipopolysaccharides; SCFA, short-chain fatty acids; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; AFLD, alcoholic fatty liver disease; CHB, chronic hepatitis B; CHC, chronic hepatitis C; AIH, autoimmune liver disease; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma. “↑” represents the increased abundance of the corresponding bacteria. “↓” represents the decreased abundance of the corresponding bacteria.