Table 4.
Results on mitochondrial modification.
| Author Year | Source of Mitochondria | Variables | Training | Healthy | Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chou et al., 2019 [22] | Blood sample (platelet) | OXPHOS (pmol/s/108 cells) | ↑ * | - | ↔ |
| ETS (pmol/s/108) | ↑ * | - | ↔ | ||
| Groennebaek et al., 2019 [32] | Muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) | OXPHOS (pmol/s/mg) | ↑ ** | - | CG ↔ RIC ↔ |
| CS (μmol/min/g) | ↔ | - | CG ↔ RIC ↔ |
||
| Esposito et al., 2018 [30] | Muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) | VVM (%) | ↑ * | - | - |
| Southern et al., 2015 [35] | Spectroscopy (wrist flexors) | Rate of recovery of mVO2 (min−1) | ↔ | ↑ * | - |
| Toth et al., 2012 [37] | Muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) | Fractional density (%) | ↔ | ↔ | - |
| Number (μm2/area) | ↔ | ↔ | - | ||
| Average size (μm2) | ↔ | ↔ | - | ||
| PGC-1α (% of control) | ↔ | ↔ | - | ||
| PGC-1β (% of control) | ↔ | ↔ | - | ||
| NRF-1 (% of control) | ↔ | ↔ | - | ||
| TFAM (% of control) | ↑ ** | ↑ ** | - | ||
| COX-1 (% of control) | ↔ | ↓ ** | - | ||
| COX-5b (% of control) | ↔ | ↔ | - | ||
| COX (μmol/min/mg) | ↔ | ↔ | - | ||
| CS (μmol/min/mg) | ↔ | ↔ | - | ||
| Esposito et al., 2011 [31] | Muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) | VVM (%) | ↑ * | - | - |
| Williams et al., 2007 [38] | Muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) | MAPR (mmol ATP/min/kg) | ↑ * | - | ↓ * |
| CS (mmol/min/kg) | ↑ ** | - | ↔ | ||
| HAD (mmol/min/kg) | ↔ | - | ↔ | ||
| PFK (mmol/min/kg) | ↔ | - | ↔ | ||
| LDH (mmol/min/kg) | ↔ | - | ↔ | ||
| Wisløff et al., 2007 [42] | Muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) | PGC-1α (arb. unit) | MCTG ↔ AITG ↑ ** |
- | ↔ |
| Santoro et al., 2002 [34] | Muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) | Area (μ2) | ↑ * | - | - |
| Elongation | ↔ | - | - | ||
| Hambrecht et al., 1997 [45] | Muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) | SVMOcox+ (m2/cm3) | ↑ ** | - | ↔ |
| SVMOcox- (m2/cm3) | ↔ | - | ↔ | ||
| SVMIBM (m2/cm3) | ↑ ** | - | ↔ | ||
| SVMC (m2/cm3) | ↑ ** | - | ↔ | ||
| VVM (%) | ↑ ** | - | ↔ | ||
| Ncox+ (n) | ↔ | - | ↔ | ||
| Ncox- (n) | ↔ | - | ↔ | ||
| SVMOcox+/NSVMOcox+ (m2/cm3) | ↔ | - | ↔ | ||
| Hambrecht et al., 1995 [33] | Muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) | VVMcox+ (%) | ↑ ** | - | ↔ |
| VVMcox- (%) | ↔ | - | ↔ | ||
| VVM (%) | ↑ * | - | ↔ | ||
| Stratton et al., 1994 [36] | Spectroscopy (forearm muscle) | PCr resynthesis rate (mM/min) | ↑ ** | - | - |
| MAPR (mM/min) | ↑ * | - | - | ||
| Adamopoulos et al., 1993 [29] | Spectroscopy (calf muscle) | PCr recovery time (min) | ↓ * | - | - |
| PCr resynthesis rate (mmol/liter/min) | ↑ * | - | - | ||
| MAPR (mmol/liter/min) | ↑ ** | - | - | ||
| Lin et al., 2021 [20] | Blood sample (platelet) | ETS (pmol/sec/108 cells) | ↑ * | - | ↔ |
| OXPHOS (pmol/sec/108 cells) | ↑ * | - | ↔ | ||
| Murrow et al., 2019 [40] | Spectroscopy (gastrocnemius) | Rate of recovery of mVO2 (rate constant) | NTG ↑ * WTG ↑ * |
- | - |
| van Schaardenburgh et al., 2017 [41] | Muscle biopsy (gastrocnemius) | OXPHOS (pmol/mg/sec) | TTG ↔ CRTG ↔ |
- | - |
| ETS (pmol/mg/sec) | TTG ↔ CRTG ↔ |
- | - | ||
| CS (μmol/min/mg) | TTG ↔ CRTG ↑ * |
- | - | ||
| Hiatt et al., 1996 [39] | Muscle biopsy (gastrocnemius) | LDH (mmol/min/g) | TTG ↔ STG ↔ |
- | TTG ↔ STG ↔ |
| CS (μmol/min/g) | TTG ↔ STG ↓* |
- | TTG ↔ STG ↔ |
||
| PFK (mmol/min/g) | TTG ↑ * STG ↔ |
- | TTG ↔ STG ↔ |
||
| Carnitine (nmol/g) | TTG ↔ STG ↔ |
- | TTG ↔ STG ↔ |
||
| Hsu et al., 2019 [19] | Blood sample (platelet) | OXPHOS (pmol/sec/108 cells) | ↑ * | - | ↔ |
| ETS (pmol/sec/108 cells) | ↑ * | - | ↔ | ||
| Zoll et al., 2006 [43] | Muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) | VVM (%) | CETG ↔ EETG ↓ * |
- | - |
| PGC-1α (mRNA level) | CETG ↔ EETG ↔ |
- | - | ||
| TFAM (mRNA level) | CETG ↔ EETG ↔ |
- | - | ||
| COX-1 (mRNA level) | CETG ↔ EETG ↔ |
- | - | ||
| COX-4 (mRNA level) | CETG ↔ EETG ↓ * |
- | - | ||
| Fiorenza et al., 2019 [44] | Muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis) | HAD (μmol/min/g) | ↑ ** | ↔ | - |
| CS activity (μmol/min/g) | ↑ *** | ↔ | - | ||
| CS content (arb. unit) | ↑ ** | ↔ | |||
| COX IV (arb. unit) | ↑ ** | ↔ | |||
| ERRα(arb. unit) | ↔ | ↔ | - | ||
| mitofusin 1 (arb. unit) | ↓ ** | ↔ | - | ||
| mitofusin 2 (arb. unit) | ↑ ** | ↔ | - | ||
| OPA1 (arb. unit) | ↓ ** | ↔ | |||
| Drp1 (arb. unit) | ↔ | ↔ | - | ||
| LC3-I (arb. unit) | ↔ | ↓ * | - | ||
| LC3-II (arb. unit) | ↔ | ↑ * | - | ||
| LC3-II/LC3-I ratio (arb. unit) | ↔ | ↑ ** | - | ||
| p62 (arb. unit) | ↑ *** | ↑ * | - | ||
| BAX (arb. unit) | ↑ *** | ↑ * | - | ||
| Bcl-2 (arb. unit) | ↓ ** | ↔ | - | ||
| BAX/Bcl-2 ratio (arb. unit) | ↑ *** | ↑ *** | - | ||
| SOD1 (arb. unit) | ↓ ** | ↔ | - | ||
| SOD2 (arb. unit) | ↑ * | ↑ * | - | ||
| GPX1 (arb. unit) | ↔ | ↑ * | - | ||
| Catalase (arb. unit) | ↑ * | ↔ | - | ||
| NOX (arb. unit) | ↑ * | ↑ * | - | ||
| Sirtuin 3 (arb. unit) | ↔ | ↔ | - | ||
| UCP3 (arb. unit) | ↔ | ↔ | |||
| HSP70 (arb. unit) | ↓ ** | ↔ |
Remarks: ETS: electron transport system; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; BHI: bioenergetic health index; GM: state 2 respiration; GM3: state 3 respiration supported by complex I; GMS3: state 3 respiration supported by complex I and II; 4o: state 4 respiration; RCR: respiratory control ratio CS: citrate synthase; VVM: mitochondrial volume density; mVO2: resting muscle oxygen consumption; MAPR: mitochondrial ATP production rate; HAD: β-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase; PFK: phosphofructokinase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; CG: control group; RIC: remote ischemic conditioning; NTG: NIRS guided training group; WTG: walking training group. * Significantly different from baseline, p ≤ 0.05; ** Significantly different from baseline, p ≤ 0.01; *** Significantly different from baseline, p ≤ 0.001; ↑ increase observed, ↓ decrease observed, ↔ no change observed.