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. 2022 Oct 21;23(20):12698. doi: 10.3390/ijms232012698

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Epigenetic changes have been demonstrated within placental tissues and imprinted regions in the H19/IGF2 genes. Diagrams illustrate the imprinted genes H19/IGF2 locus. The enhancer competition model is used to clarify the imprinted rule of IGF2 and H19; the epigenetic regulation of the H19/IGF2 gene-cluster relies on a shared set of enhancers situated behind the H19 gene. On the maternal chromosome, H19 gene expression is driven by this set of regulatory enhancers, whereas on the paternal chromosome, the enhancers are used by IGF2. Large boxes describe genes on the paternal and maternal chromosome, with arrows indicating gene expression. CH3-lollipops represent regions containing methylated cytosine remains. Small boxes display the site of downstream enhancers.