Table 2.
DNA methylation related to pregnancy maintenance and changes in placental function.
| Genes | DNA Methylation Changes | Mechanism of Genes | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| LINE-1-elements, RUNX3, HSD11B2 | Hypo-methylation | Inhibits the activation of mineralocorticoid receptor in placenta. | [58] |
| IGF-1 | No difference | Formation of placenta and growth of fetus. | [60] |
| DDAH1 | Hyper-methylation | Contribute nitric oxide generation. | [57] |
| VHL | Hyper-methylation | Proper placental development. | [61] |
| TERT | Hypo-methylated | Reverse transcriptase activity. | [105] |
| ADORA2B | Hyper-methylation | Hyper-methylation of this gene associated with hypoxia and PE and sensitive to atmospheric pollutants. | [105] |
| CALCA | Hyper-methylation | Ca++ regulation in placenta. | |
| AGT | Hypo-methylation | Produces angiotensinogen. | [57] |
| MMP9 | Hyper-methylation | Trophoblast cell migration | [91] |
| DNMT1, DNMT3A | Hypo-methylated | DNA methyltransferases. | [106] |
| SPESP1 | Hyper-methylated | Need for successful fertilization. | [80] |
Abbreviations: DDAH1: Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1, TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase, ADORA2B: Adenosine A2b receptor, CALCA: Calcitonin related polypeptide alpha, AGT: Angiotensinogen, MMP9: Matrix metallopeptidase 9 and SPESP1: Sperm equatorial segment protein 1.