Table 2.

Mechanism and function of esculetin in treatment of oxidative stress.

Pharmacological Mechanism	Inhibition/Activation/ Downregulation/Upregulation	Model Used	Dosage	Application	Reference
Antioxidant	Increase phosphorylation of Nrf2 and NQO1 Activate ERK signaling pathways Show protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress	H2O2-induced oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblasts cells	5 µM	In vitro	[57]
	Scavenge DPPH, hydroxyl and intracellular ROS Inhibit lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl and DNA-damage induced by H2O2	Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells (V79-4 cells)	10 µg/mL	In vitro	[58]
	Scavenge free radicals Inhibition of lipid peroxidation, AST, ALT and ALP in liver	CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity in male Sprague Dawley rats	35 mg/kg	In vivo	[59]
	Activate Nrf2 Increase phosphorylation of ERK signaling and Akt signaling Increase glutathione levels	Amyloid protein-induced oxidative stress and neuronal death in SH-SY5Y cells	20 µM	In vitro	[60]
	Inhibit DPPH, Xanthine oxidase, superoxide radicals Downregulate MMP-1 expression	Oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblasts cells (HDF-cells)	0.6 µg/mL and 2.1 µg/mL	In vitro	[61]
	Inhibit phospho-MEK1, phospho-ERK1/2, phospho-SEK1 and phospho-JNK1/2 along with intracellular Ca2+ levels Inhibit MMP-1 expression	H2O2-induced oxidative stress in Human HaCaT keratinocytes cells	5 µg/mL	In vitro	[62]
	Scavenge hydroxyl radicals and protect DNA from oxidative damage	Lipid-hydroperoxide-induced oxidative damage in human diploid fibroblast cells (TIG-7 cells)	50 µL	In vitro	[63]