Table 6.

Mechanism and function of esculetin in treatment of hepatic disease.

Pharmacological Mechanism	Inhibition/Activation/ Downregulation/Upregulation	Model Used	Dosage	Application	Reference
Anti-hepatic	Decrease plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, and insulin levels Increase AST, and ALT and prevent hepatic fibrosis Inhibit lipid peroxidation and increase GSH level in HFD-fed rats Increase FOXO1 phosphorylation in liver tissue of HFD-fed rats Prevent accumulation of extracellular matrix protein in the liver by reducing TGF-β expression	HFD-induced fatty liver in male Wistar rats	50 and 100 mg/kg	In vivo	[108]
	Downregulate lipid synthesis genes (Fasn, Dgat2, pap) and inflammatory genes (TLR4, Myd88, NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1) Increase SOD level and inhibit lipid peroxidation	HFD-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver in diabetes in C57BL/6N mice	0.01% w/w	In vivo	[109]
	Increase phosphorylation of AMPK-α (Thr172) and ACC (Ser79) Decrease SREBP1c and FAS Activate AMPK signaling pathway	Free fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation in Human HepG2 cells	25, 50 and 100 µM	In vitro	[110]