Table 1.
Prevalence data for carbapenem-resistant Vibrio sp. worldwide.
| Continent | Country | Sample Type | Vibrio Species (Number of Strain) |
Susceptibility to Carbapenem Antibiotics | Carbapenem Resistance Number of Strain (%) | MIC | Carbapenemase Gene Identified (Location) | Year of Isolation | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R | I | S | |||||||||
| Asia | Bangladesh Chhatak (north-eastern Bangladesh) |
Clinical | V. cholerae O1 (141) | IMI | 0 | 0 | 141 (100%) |
- | Absent | 2009–2014 | [138] |
| Environmental | V. cholerae O1 (21) | IMI | 0 | 0 | 21 (100%) |
- | Absent | ||||
| Bangladesh Mathbaria (south-western Bangladesh) |
Clinical | V. cholerae O1 (178) | IMI | 0 | 0 | 178 (100%) |
- | Absent | |||
| Environmental | V. cholerae O1 (120) | IMI | 0 | 0 | 120 (100%) |
- | Absent | ||||
| Bangladesh Chhatak (north-eastern Bangladesh) |
Clinical | V. cholerae O1 (68) | IMI | 0 | 1 (1%) |
67 (99%) |
- | - | 2013 | [139] | |
| Environmental | V. cholerae O1 (6) | IMI | 1 (17%) |
0 | 5 (83%) |
- | - | ||||
| Bangladesh Mathbaria (south-western Bangladesh) |
Clinical [diarrheal sample] |
V. cholerae O1 (77) | IMI | 0 | 0 | 77 (100%) |
- | - | |||
| Environmental [ponds] |
V. cholerae O1 (57) | IMI | 0 | 0 | 57 (100%) |
- | - | ||||
| China [16 counties] |
Clinical (429) Environment [water (77), soil/surface (62)] |
V. cholerae El Tor (568) |
IMI | 568 (100%) |
0 | 0 | - | - | 1986–2012 | [140] | |
| MER | 57 (10%) |
0 | 0 | - | |||||||
| China (Mohnarin hospitals in different areas) |
Clinical | V. parahaemolyticus (51) | Carbapenem | - | - | (>90%) | - | - | 2010 | [141] |
|
| China (south-eastern China) |
Clinical [diarrheal sample] |
V. parahaemolyticus (563) | Carbapenem | - | - | (>95%) | - | - | 2015 | [142] | |
| China [6 counties] |
Clinical [diarrheal sample] |
V. parahaemolyticus (2871) | IMI | (<1%) | - | - | Interpretive standard of resistance: MIC ≥ 4 µg/mL |
- | 2016–2020 | [118] | |
| China Zhejiang |
Freshwater farm, Seawater farm, Market |
V. parahaemolyticus (360) | IMI (10 µg) |
- | - | 360 (100%) | - | - | 2017–2019 | [143] | |
| China | Seafood [shrimp] |
V. alginolyticus Vb1394 |
IMI | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 mg/L | - | 2018 | [144] | |
| MER | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 mg/L | - | ||||||
| China Shenzhen |
Seafood [shrimp] |
V. alginolyticus Vb1978 |
IMI | - | - | - | 0.5 mg/L | NDM-1, VIM-1 (plasmid;50 kb) |
2019 | [145] | |
| MER | - | - | - | 0.03 mg/L | |||||||
| China Bohai Bay, Tianjin |
Environmental [Coastal seawater)] |
Vibrio sp. (carrying blaOXA58) | IMI | - | - | - | 2 µg/mL | OXA-58 (plasmid) | 2019 | [23] | |
| MER | - | - | - | 8 µg/mL | |||||||
| China | Clinical [diarrheal sample] Seafood [from markets] |
V. parahaemolyticus (107) | Carbapenem | - | - | (90–100%) | - | - | 2019 | [146] | |
| China | Seafood [shrimp] |
V. alginolyticus Vb1796 |
IMI | - | - | - | 0.12 mg/L | VMB-1 | 2020 | [147] | |
| MER | - | - | - | 1 mg/L | |||||||
| China | Seafood [shrimp] |
V. alginolyticusVb1579
|
IMI |
0 | 0 | 1 | Standard agar dilution method: (0.06 mg/L) |
VAM-1 | 2021 | [135] | |
| MER |
0 | 0 | 1 | (0.12 mg/L) | |||||||
| China | Seafood [shrimp] |
V. diabolicus
SLV18 |
IMI | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | VMB-2 - |
- | [148] | |
| MER | - | - | - | 4 µg/mL (Highly resistant) |
|||||||
| China | collection center | V. vulnificus | - | - | - | - | - | Vmh (chromosome) | - | [73] | |
| India Kolkata (east India) Delhi (north India) |
Clinical [diarrheal sample] |
V. cholerae (443) | IMI | ~ <20 (~ <5%) |
- | - | - | NDM-1 (chromosome) | 2008–2015 | [59] | |
| India | Clinical [diarrheal sample] |
V. fluvialis (115) | IMI | 27 (24%) |
- | - | 4-32 µg/mL | 27 (24%) NDM-1 (Class 1 integron) 27 (24%) OXA-1, OXA-7, OXA-9 |
2009–2013 | [57] | |
| India Central New Delhi |
Environmental [seepage, tap water, sewage effluent] |
V. cholerae 116-14 |
IMI | - | - | - | 8 mg/L | NDM-1 (chromosome and plasmid; 400 kb) | 2010 | [149] | |
| MER | - | - | - | 8 mg/L | |||||||
|
V. cholerae 116-17 |
IMI | - | - | - | 16 mg/L | NDM-1 (plasmid Inc A/C;170kb) |
|||||
| MER | - | - | - | 1 mg/L | |||||||
| India Puducherry |
Clinical [fecal sample of a child] |
V. cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa |
- | - | - | - | - | NDM-1 (plasmid) |
2012 | [150] | |
| India (Southwest coast) |
Environmental [water, sediment sample from estuary] |
Vibrio sp. (180) | - | - | - | - | - | (13%) NDM-1 | 2012 | [151] | |
| Environmental [water, sediment sample from shrimp farms] |
Vibrio sp. (70) | - | - | - | - | - | (14%) NDM-1 | ||||
| Seafood [retail] |
Vibrio sp. (30) | - | - | - | - | - | (7%) NDM-1 | ||||
| India Kerala |
Environmental [sediment, water sample from aquaculture farm] Seafood [shrimp] |
V. parahaemolyticus (27) | MER (10 µg) |
1 | 8 | 18 | - | (4%) produces carbapenemase | 2015–2016 | [34] | |
| Korea | Seafood [10 types] |
V. parahaemolyticus | IMI | (70%) | (13%) | (17%) | - | - | 2009 | [134] | |
| V. parahaemolyticus | MER | (50%) | (29%) | (221%) | - | - | |||||
| Korea Southern coast of South Korea |
Environment [mud, tidal water] |
V. parahaemolyticus (1720) | MER (10 µg) |
4 (<1%) |
- | - | 64 µg/mL 128 µg/mL 128 µg/mL 1024 µg/mL |
- | 2013–2014 | [152] | |
| Korea Cheongju |
Seafood [shrimp from retail outlet] |
V. parahaemolyticus (27) | IMI | - | - | - | MIC50 = ≤1 mg/L; MIC90 = ≤1 mg/L Imipenem (range = 1–8 mg/L) |
- | 2016 | [153] | |
| Korea | Seafood [Cockles] |
V. parahaemolyticus (4) | IMI (10 µg) |
0 | 3 (75%) |
1 (25%) |
- | - | - | [82] | |
| V. alginolyticus (11) | IMI (10 µg) |
0 | 3 (27%) |
8 (73%) |
- | ||||||
| V. diabolicus (14) | IMI (10 µg) |
0 | 5 (36%) |
9 (64%) |
- | ||||||
| V. harveyi (3) | IMI (10 µg) |
0 | 2 (67%) |
1 (33%) |
- | ||||||
| Korea | Seafood [hard shell mussel] |
Total Vibrio sp. (32) V. parahaemolyticus (2) V. harveyi (1) V. alginolyticus (13) V. diabolicus (16) |
IMI (10 µg) |
(3%) | (3%) | (94%) | - | 1(3%) OXA [V. diabolicus] |
- | [133] | |
| Malaysia Selangor |
Seafood [freshwater fish] |
V. parahaemolyticus (49)
V. cholerae (8) |
IMI | 0 | 0 | 57 (100%) |
- | - | - | [154] | |
| Malaysia Selangor |
Seafood [shellfish] |
V. parahaemolyticus (200) | IMI (10 µg) |
1 (<1%) |
18 (9%) |
181 (90%) |
- | - | 2014 | [29] | |
| Malaysia | Seafood [shrimp] |
V. parahaemolyticus (185) | IMI (10 µg) |
4 (2%) |
- | - | - | - | 2014 | [30] | |
| Seafood [shrimp and shellfish] |
V. parahaemolyticus (385) | IMI (10 µg) |
5 (1%) |
18 (5%) |
362 (94%) |
- | - | - | [28] | ||
| Malaysia Selangor |
Seafood [marine and freshwater fish] |
V. parahaemolyticus (165) | IMI (10 µg) |
19 (12%) |
6 (4%) |
140 (85%) |
- | - | 2016 | [27] | |
| Malaysia Selangor |
Seafood [shrimps, clams, squid] |
V. parahaemolyticus (120) | IMI (10 µg) |
0 | 2 (2%) |
118 (98%) |
- | - | 2018 | [123] | |
| MER (10 µg) |
0 | 2 (2%) |
118 (98%) |
- | |||||||
| Malaysia Selangor |
Seafood [shellfish] |
V. parahaemolyticus (43) | IMI (10 µg) |
10 (23%) |
0 | 33 (77%) |
- | - | - | [32] | |
| Singapore | Environment [harbor, ballast water from ships] |
V. alginolyticus | MER | 3 | - | - | - | - | 2016 | [84] | |
| V. parahaemolyticus | MER | 2 | - | - | - | - | |||||
| V. vulnificus | MER | 6 | - | - | - | - | |||||
| V. brasiliensis | MER | 1 | - | - | - | - | |||||
| V. campbellii | MER | 18 | - | - | - | - | |||||
| V. rotiferianus | MER | 1 | - | - | - | - | |||||
| V. tubiashii | MER | 1 | - | - | - | - | |||||
| Vietnam (Southern Vietnam) |
Environmental |
V. cholerae (100) non-O1, non-O139 |
- | - | - | - | - | 3 (3%) NDM-1 | 2010–2013 | [155] | |
| Oceania | Australia Northern territory |
Clinical [infection site] |
Vibrio sp. (44) | MER | - | - | (93%) | - | - | 2000–2013 | [156] |
| Africa | Egypt Mansoura |
Seafood [fish and shellfish] |
V. parahaemolyticus (50)
|
IMI (10 µg) |
12 (24%) |
4 (8%) |
34 (68%) |
- | - | - | [75] |
| V. alginolyticus (42) | IMI (10 µg) |
8 (19%) |
10 (24%) |
24 (57%) |
- | - | |||||
| Nigeria (South-south Nigeria) |
Seafood [shellfish] |
Vibrio sp. (6) | IMI (10 µg) |
6 (100%) |
0 | 0 | - | - | 2015–2017 | [121] | |
| Nigeria (Eight states in Southern Nigeria) |
African salad | V. parahaemolyticus (63) | IMI (10 µg) |
2 (3%) |
7 (11%) |
54 (86%) |
- | - | 2018–2019 | [132] | |
| Nigeria Lagos |
Environment [sea water, wet and dry sand] |
V. parahaemolyticus (26) | IMI | (4%) | - | - | - | 1 (4%) NDM-1 | - | [60] |
|
| MER | (4%) | - | - | - | - | ||||||
| ETP | (4%) | - | - | - | - | ||||||
| V. vulnificus (14) | IMI | (57%) | - | - | - | 5 (36%) NDM-1 | |||||
| MER | (57%) | - | - | - | - | ||||||
| ETP | (57%) | - | - | - | - | ||||||
| South Africa [Chris Hani, Amahlathi, Lukhanji] |
Environment [Final effluents from dams, earth canals, rivers, receiving water bodies, tap water and wastewater treatment units] |
V. cholerae (61) | IMI (10 µg) |
0 | 2 (3%) |
59 (97%) |
- | 19 (31%) NDM-1, GES, IMP, VIM 14 (23%) produce carbapenemase |
2018 | [157] | |
| MER (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | 61 (100%) |
- | |||||||
| ETP (10 µg) |
5 (8%) |
3 (5%) |
53 (87%) |
- | |||||||
| DOR (10 µg) |
1 (2%) |
2 (3%) |
59 (97%) |
- | |||||||
| South Africa [Eastern Cape] |
Environment [wastewater effluent] |
Total Vibrio sp. (52) V. parhaemolyticus (12) V. vulnificus (18) V. fluvialis (19) V. metschnikovii (3) |
IMI (10 µg) MER (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | 52 (100%) |
- | - | 2010 | [158] | |
| South Africa [Eastern Cape] |
Environment [river water] |
Total Vibrio sp. (118) | IMI (10 µg) |
39 (33%) |
40 (34%) |
39 (33%) |
- | 35(30%) VIM, 13 (11%) OXA-48, 18 (15%) IMP, 20 (17%) GES, 7 (6%) KPC |
2018 | [131] | |
| MER (10 µg) |
32 (27%) |
21 (18%) |
65 (55%) |
- | - | ||||||
| V. mimicus (40) | IMI (10 µg) |
2 (5%) |
17 (43%) |
21 (53%) |
- | - | |||||
| MER (10 µg) |
7 (18%) |
8 (20%) |
25 (63%) |
- | - | ||||||
| V. vulnificus (37) | IMI (10 µg) |
26 (70%) |
10 (27%) |
1 (3%) |
- | - | |||||
| MER (10 µg) |
17 (46%) |
7 (19%) |
13 (35%) |
- | - | ||||||
| V. fluvialis (41) | IMI (10 µg) |
11 (27%) |
13 (32%) |
17 (41%) |
- | - | |||||
| MER (10 µg) |
8 (20%) |
6 (15%) |
27 (66%) |
- | - | ||||||
| Uganda (South-western district) |
Environmental [surface water] | Vibrio sp. (392) | MER (10 µg) |
180 (46%) |
38 (10%) |
174 (44%) |
- | - | 2019 | [159] | |
| Europe | Italy [Northern Sardinia] |
Environmental [water sample from coast and gulf] | V. alginolyticus (40) | IMI (10 µg) |
- | - | - | MIC50 = 0.06 mg/L; MIC90 = 0.12 mg/L Imipenem (range = 0.06–2 mg/L) |
- | - | [85] |
| MER (10 µg) |
- | - | - | MIC50 = 0.06 mg/L; MIC90 = 0.06 mg/L Meropenem (range = 0.03–0.25 mg/L) |
- | ||||||
| V. parahaemolyticus (8) | IMI (10 µg) |
- | - | - | MIC50 = 0.125 mg/L; MIC90 = 1 mg/L Imipenem (range = 0.06–1 mg/L) |
- | |||||
| MER (10 µg) |
- | - | - | MIC50 = 0.006 mg/L; MIC90 = 0.12mg/L Meropenem (range = 0.004–0.12 mg/L) |
- | ||||||
| V. vulnificus (6) | IMI (10 µg) |
- | - | - | MIC50 = 0.12 mg/L; MIC90 = 0.12 mg/L Imipenem (range = 0.06–2 mg/L) |
- | |||||
| MER (10 µg) |
- | - | - | MIC50 = 0.006 mg/L; MIC90 = 0.12mg/L Meropenem (range = 0.004–0.25 mg/L) |
- | ||||||
| Italy | Environmental [Seawater] | V. cholerae (12) | MER (10 µg) |
0 | 6 (50%) |
6 (50%) |
- | - | 2003–2014 | [160] | |
| Environmental [Freshwater] | V. cholerae (5) | MER (10 µg) |
0 | 1 (20%) |
4 (80%) |
- | - | ||||
| Seafood | V. cholerae (25) | MER (10 µg) |
1 (4%) |
4 (16%) |
20 (80%) |
- | - | ||||
| Italy (north-western Adriatic Sea coasts) |
Seafood [European Seabass] |
V. anguillarum
28AD |
IMI (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 4 µg/mL | - | 2007–2011 | [161] | |
| Environmental [Water from Celeri Lagoon] |
V. parahaemolyticus
VPE116 |
IMI (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 0.125 µg/mL | - | ||||
| Italy (north-western Adriatic Sea coasts) | Seafood [shellfish] Wildlife [turtle blood] Environmental [beach, brackish water] |
V. vulnificus (40) | IMI (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | 40 (100%) |
- | - | - | [162] | |
| MER (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | 40 (100%) |
- | |||||||
| France Port-Saint-Louis |
Wildlife [gull] |
V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 |
IMI | - | - | - | 3 mg/L | VIM-1, VIM-4 (plasmid) |
2013 | [163] | |
| MER | - | - | - | 0.5 mg/L | |||||||
| ETP | - | - | - | 0.19 mg/L | |||||||
| DOR | - | - | - | 0.75 mg/L | |||||||
| France (imported) |
Seafood [shrimp] |
V. parahaemolyticus | IMI | 0 | 0 | (100%) | - | NDM-1 Produces carbapenemase |
2016 | [74] | |
| Germany [Baltic Sea, the North Sea, Ems and Weser River estuaries] |
Total (184) |
V. cholerae
V. vulnificus |
IMI (10 µg) |
(2%) | (1%) | (97%) | - | - | 2004–2014 | [21] | |
| MER (10 µg) |
(<1%) | (2%) | (98%) | ||||||||
| Retail (35) |
V. cholerae
V. vulnificus |
IMI (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | (100%) | - | - | ||||
| MER (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | (100%) | ||||||||
| Clinical (18) |
V. cholerae
V. vulnificus |
IMI (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | (100%) | - | - | ||||
| MER (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | (100%) | ||||||||
| Environmental (131) |
V. cholerae
V. vulnificus |
IMI (10 µg) |
(3%) | (2%) | (95%) | - | - | ||||
| MER (10 µg) |
(1%) | (2%) | (97%) | ||||||||
| North Sea (52) |
V. cholerae
V. vulnificus |
IMI (10 µg) |
(6%) | 0 | (94%) | - | - | ||||
| MER (10 µg) |
(2%) | (4%) | (94%) | ||||||||
| Baltic Sea (79) |
V. cholerae
V. vulnificus |
IMI (10 µg) |
(1%) | (3%) | (96%) | - | - | ||||
| MER (10 µg) |
0 | (1%) | (99%) | ||||||||
| Germany [Baltic Sea, the North Sea] |
Environmental [Coastal water] |
V. cholerae (4) | IMI MER |
4 (100%) |
0 | 0 | - | 3 VCC-1 | - | [130] | |
| Norway [temperate and Polar Oceanic area] |
Environmental [Seawater, sea creatures] |
V. alginolyticus (53) | IMI (10 µg) |
0 | 2 (4%) |
51 (96%) |
2–8 µg/mL | - | 2018 | [83] | |
| MER (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | 53 (100%) |
- | |||||||
| V. anguillarum (21) | IMI (10 µg) |
21 (100%) | 0 | 0 | - | - | |||||
| MER (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | 21 (100%) | - | |||||||
| V. antiquaries (2) | IMI (10 µg) MER (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | 2 (100%) | - | - | |||||
| V. fujianensis (2) | IMI (10 µg) |
0 | 1 (50%) |
1 (50%) |
- | - | |||||
| MER (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | 2 (100%) | - | |||||||
| V. metschnovikovii (38) | IMI (10 µg) MER (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | 38(100%) | - | - | |||||
| Slovakia (Eastern and southern) |
Environmental [freshwater] | V. cholerae (21) | IMI (10 µg) |
0 | 8 (38%) |
13 (62%) |
- | - | 2016 | [70] | |
| Spain | Clinical [leg ulcer] |
V. metschnikovii | IMI | 0 | 0 | 1 | <1 µg/mL | - | 2008 | [164] | |
| UK | Clinical [blood sample of a burn patient] |
V. cholerae | MER | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | NDM-1 | 2011 | [165] | |
| South America | Brazil | Seafood [shrimp] |
Vibrio (26) | IMI (10 µg) [in seawater] |
1 (4%) [V. navarrensis] |
0 | 25 (96%) |
- | - | - | [81] |
| IMI (10 µg) [in distilled water] |
0 | 0 | 26 (100%) |
- | |||||||
| Brazil Guanabara Bay |
Environment [water sample from polluted estuary] |
V. parahaemolyticus (150) | IMI | 1 (<1%) |
2 (1%) |
147 (99%) |
- | - | 2018–2019 | [20] | |
| Environment [water sample from polluted estuary] |
V. alginolyticus (1) | IMI | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | - | ||||
| Ecuador Cuenca |
Seafood [shrimp] |
V. parahaemolyticus (154) | IMI (10 µg) |
(<1%) | 0 | (99%) | - | - | 2012 | [122] | |
| MER | 0 | 0 | (100%) | - | - | ||||||
| North America | Maryland Coastal Bays, Chesapeake Bay |
Environmental [Surface water] | V. parahaemolyticus (77) | IMI | 0 | 0 | 77 (100%) |
(IMI; 2–16 µg/mL) | - | 2009 | [166] |
| MER | 0 | 0 | 77 (100%) |
(MERO; 2–16 µg/mL) | |||||||
| V. vulnificus (120) | IMI (10 µg) |
2(2%) | 0 | 118 (98%) |
- | - | |||||
| MER (10 µg) |
0 | 0 | 120 (100%) |
- | |||||||
| Canada (imported) |
Seafood [shrimp; imported from India] |
V. cholerae | DOR, ETP, IMI, MER |
1 | 0 | 0 | >32 µg/mL | VCC-1 (plasmid) |
2014 | [31] | |
| - | - | Culture collection center | V. cholerae (20) | IMI (10 µg) |
- | - | - | MIC50 = 0.25 µg/mL; MIC90 = 0.25 µg/mL Imipenem (range = 0.0–0.5 µg/mL) |
- | - | [51] |
| MER (10 µg) |
- | - | - | MIC50 = 2 mg/L; MIC90 = 2 mg/L Meropenem (range = 1–2 mg/L) |
|||||||
| V. parahaemolyticus (20) | IMI (10 µg) |
- | - | - | MIC50 = 0.06 µg/mL; MIC90 = 0.06 µg/mL Imipenem (range = 0.06 µg/mL) |
- | |||||
| MER (10 µg) |
- | - | - | MIC50 = 0.06 mg/L MIC90 = 0.5mg/L Meropenem (range = 0.06–0.5 mg/L) |
|||||||
| V. vulnificus (20) | IMI (10 µg) |
- | - | - | MIC50 = 0.06 µg/mL Imipenem (range = 0.06 µg/mL) |
- | |||||
| MER (10 µg) |
- | - | - | MIC50 = 1.12 mg/L; MIC90 = 0.25 mg/L Meropenem (range = 0.06–0.25 mg/L) |
|||||||
R: resistance, I: intermediately resistant; S: susceptible; IMI: imipenem; MER: meropenem; ETP: ertapenem; DOR: doripenem; GES: Guiana extended-spectrum; IMP: Imipenemase MBL; active-on-imipenem; KPC: K. pneumoniae carbapenemase; NDM: New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase; OXA: Oxacillinases; VAM: Vibrio alginolyticus MBL; VIM: Verona integron-encoded MBL; VMB: Vibrio MBL; Vmh: MBL fold metallohydrolase.