Table 2.

Classification of various carbapenemases.

Ambler Class	Active Site	Representative Carbapenemase Type	References
A	Serine	K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) * VCC * Imipenemase MBL (IMP) * Guiana extended-spectrum (GES) * Serratia fonticola carbapenemase (SFC) Serratia marcescens enzyme (SME) Non-metallo-carbapenemase-A (NMC-A)	[4,41,47,152]
B	Zinc (cofactor)	New Delhi MBL (NDM)* Imipenemase; active-on-imipenem (IMP) * Verona integron-encoded MBL (VIM) * German imipenemase (GIM) Seoul imipenemase (SIM) Australian imipenemase (AIM-1) Dutch imipenemase (DIM-1) Florence imipenemase (FIM-1) S. marcescens MBL (SMB-1) Sao Paulo MBL(SPM) Kyorin Health Science MBL (KHM-1) Tripoli MBL (TMB-1) Pseudomonas Fluorescens MBL (PFM) Vibrio alginolyticus MBL (VAM) * Vibrio MBL (VMB) * MBL fold metallohydrolase (Vmh) *	[47,73,147,183]
C	Serine	Not considered as carbapenemase	[47]
D	Serine	Oxacillinases (OXA) * OXA-23 OXA-24/-40 OXA-25 OXA-26 OXA-27 OXA-40 OXA−48 * OXA-49 OXA−51 OXA−58 * OXA-72 OXA-143	[42,149]

* Indicates the carbapenemase (including phenotypic and genotypic) identified in Vibrio spp.