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. 2022 Oct 20;23(20):12630. doi: 10.3390/ijms232012630

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of MStim on the frequency of USVs. USVs were recorded in sound-attenuating chambers during a 2.5 h session. (A) Representative traces of calls that fall within the 50 kHz and 22 kHz ranges. (B) Time response of the USVs comparing positive and negative calls. (C) Comparison of the mean frequency when all times are collapsed between control and MStim. Mechanical stimulation significantly increased the mean vocalization frequency when compared to control, suggesting an induction of a relatively higher positive affective state. Asterisks (***) indicate significance level p < 0.001.