Table 2.
Summarized estimates of drug resistance stratified by region (according to WHO criteria), different drugs, clinical treatment, relapse or new cases, and sample size variables.
| Factor | Study/n | Cases/Positive Samples(n) | ES(%)/95% CI | I2 | Heterogeneity Chi-Squared | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WHO Region | ||||||
| Southeast Asia | 10 | 177/1482 | 11.43 (9.19–16.81) | 88.8% | 80.57 | 0.000 |
| Americas | 8 | 83/1873 | 4.19 (1.89–6.50) | 82.6% | 40.13 | 0.000 |
| Western pacific | 5 | 86/589 | 17.05 (7.17–26.93) | 90.4% | 41.60 | 0.974 |
| Africa | 1 | 4/24 | 16.67 (1.76–31.58) | - | - | - |
| Europe | 1 | 18/160 | 11.25 (6.35–16.15) | - | - | - |
| Mediterranean | ||||||
| Different drugs | ||||||
| DDS | 20 | 145/3325 | 3.98 (2.69–5.28) | 86.2% | 137.19 | 0.000 |
| RIF | 19 | 113/3352 | 2.97 (1.94–4.00) | 70.6% | 61.25 | 0.000 |
| OFL | 15 | 65/2609 | 1.90 (0.97–2.83) | 72.6% | 51.19 | 0.000 |
| MDR | 13 | 57/2617 | 1.73 (0.83–2.63) | 71.7% | 42.35 | 0.000 |
| Relapsed or new cases | ||||||
| New | 14 | 128/1960 | 7.25 (4.65–9.84) | 86.1% | 93.74 | 0.000 |
| Relapse | 17 | 119/1248 | 14.26 (9.82–18.71) | 82.9% | 87.83 | 0.000 |
| Clinical Treatment | ||||||
| MB | 15 | 175/2394 | 8.97 (6.29–11.65) | 82.4% | 79.57 | 0.000 |
| PB | 5 | 25/481 | 8.09 (2.15–14.02) | 50.2% | 8.03 | 0.091 |
| No of isolation | ||||||
| ≥100 | 13 | 257/3469 | 7.69 (5.21–10.18) | 91.5% | 141.26 | 0.000 |
| <100 | 13 | 111/659 | 15.00 (9.45–20.55) | 80.4% | 56.15 | 0.000 |
| Study period | ||||||
| After 2009 | 14 | 180/1652 | 11.39 (7.46–15.33) | 91.6% | 155.50 | 0.000 |
| Before 2009 | 5 | 106/1785 | 6.59 (3.66–9.53) | 82.3% | 22.58 | 0.000 |
| Overall | 25 | 386/4128 | 10.18 (7.85–12.51) | 89.7% | 232.74 | 0.000 |
ES = drug-resistance rate, 95% CI = confidence interval.