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. 2022 Oct 12;11(20):6016. doi: 10.3390/jcm11206016

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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According to clinical findings and traditional X-ray, SLE arthritis can be classified into three different subtypes with different prevalences, biomarkers, and MRI findings: nondeforming nonerosive (NDNE) arthritis; radiologically nonerosive but deforming arthropathy, namely, Jaccoud’s arthropathy; and rheumatoid-like erosive arthritis. IFN: interferon. MMP: matrix metalloproteinase. RF: rheumatoid factor. ACPA: anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies. aCarP: anticarbamylated proteins.