Table 1.
Summary of studies on the role of complement system in liver cancer.
| Complement Component(s) |
Role in Cancer |
Experimental Setting |
Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C5a and C5aR1 | Pro-tumor | in vitro and vivo | Motivate Th-17 response in TAMs |
[67] |
| C5a and C5aR1 | Pro-tumor | in vivo | Promote M2 polarization of TAMs | [68] |
| C5aR1 | Pro-tumor | in vitro and vivo | promote expression and secretion of IL-6 | [69] |
| C3a and C3aR | Pro-tumor | in vitro and vivo | Generate iLDNs chemotaxis in liver tissue | [70] |
| C3 | Pro-tumor | in vitro and vivo | Downregulate T cells and DC and upregulate MDSCs | [71,72] |
| C5a and C5aR1 | Pro-tumor | in vitro | Enhance promotion of EMT | [73] |
| C3a and C3aR | Pro-tumor | in vitro | Enhance promotion of EMT | [74] |
| C5a and C5aR1 | Pro-tumor | in vitro and vivo | Promote CTCs disseminating in distal organs |
[75] |
| C5a and C5aR | Pro-tumor | in vitro and vivo | Enhance the expression of MMPs |
[76] |
| C5aR1 | Pro-tumor | in vitro and vivo | Stimulate JNK and ERK signal pathway | [69] |
| C3aR and C5aR1 | Anti-tumor | in vitro | Generate apoptosis of cell cycle G0/G1 phase |
[77] |
| CFR3 | Pro-tumor | in vitro | Inhibit the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway |
[78] |
| C1q | Pro-tumor | in vitro | Regulate β-Catenin pathway | [79] |
| C7 and CFH | Pro-tumor | in vitro and vivo | Generate formation of tumorsphere | [80] |
TAMs: tumor-associated macrophages; iLDNs: low-density neutrophils; DC: dendritic cells; MDSCs: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; EMT: epithelial–mesenchymal transition; CTCs: circulating tumor cells; MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases.