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. 2022 Oct 18;12(10):1732. doi: 10.3390/jpm12101732

Table 4.

Relationship between maternal and paternal history of mental disorder and metacognition and social cognition.

Maternal History of Mental Disorder Paternal History of Mental Disorder
Presence Absence p Value * d *** Presence Absence p Value ** d ***
M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD)
Attribution IPSAQ scale Personalizing bias 1.33 (0.86) 1.20 (0.58) 0.282 0.18 1.12 (0.50) 1.24 (0.67) 0.487 0.20
Externalizing bias 0.48 (3.94) 1.03 (3.69) 0.397 0.14 2.78 (4.05) 0.71 (3.67) 0.026 0.54
TCI Emotional irresponsibility 23.11 (8.50) 19.46 (6.29) 0.043 0.49 21.22 (7.30) 20.15 (6.97) 0.549 0.15
Need for external validation 24.57 (7.16) 23.98 (5.41) 0.639 0.09 21.39 (5.22) 24.59 (5.83) 0.031 0.58
High expectations 18.25 (4.12) 16.88 (4.14) 0.127 0.33 15.00 (4.90) 17.58 (3.92) 0.014 0.58

IPSAQ: Internal, Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire; TCI: Scale of Irrational Beliefs. * Student’s t-test, ** Mann–Whitney U-test, *** Cohen’s d.