Table 1.
Characteristics of the 82 eyes of 41 participants.
| Characteristic | Category | VLf | Control | p–Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of cases | 21 | 20 | |||
| Number of eyes | 42 | 40 | |||
| Age (years) | 9.8 ± 1.7 | 9.6 ± 1.3 | 0.588 | † | |
| Sex | Male | 15 (71.4%) | 11 (55.0%) | 0.275 | †† |
| Female | 6 (28.6%) | 9 (45.0%) | |||
| Parents with myopia | Both parents | 14 (66.7%) | 15 (75.0%) | 0.473 | †† |
| Only father | 5 (23.8%) | 2 (10.0%) | |||
| Only mother | 2 (9.5%) | 3 (15.0%) | |||
| Uncorrected visual acuity (log MAR) | 0.81 ± 0.23 | 0.86 ± 0.25 | 0.312 | † | |
| Best corrected visual acuity (log MAR) | −0.09 ± 0.03 | −0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.291 | † | |
| Cycloplegic subjective refraction (SE, diopters) | −2.41 ± 1.01 | −2.40 ± 0.83 | 0.97 | † | |
| Cycloplegic objective refraction (SE, diopters) | −2.53 ± 0.99 | −2.57 ± 0.80 | 0.853 | † | |
| Axial length (mm) | 24.58 ± 0.61 | 24.59 ± 0.75 | 0.928 | † | |
| Intraocular pressure (mmHg) | 17.1 ± 2.6 | 17.5 ± 2.5 | 0.482 | † | |
| Tear film breakup time (seconds) | 7.0 ± 2.2 | 6.0 ± 1.2 | 0.014 * | † | |
| Fluorescein corneal and conjunctival | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.951 | † | |
| staining score | |||||
| Corneal endothelial cell density | 2917 ± 207 | 2940 ± 226 | 0.634 | † | |
| (cells/mm2) | |||||
| Environmental factors | |||||
| Time of near work (min/day) | 88.8 ± 89.2 | 59.3 ± 59.1 | 0.221 | † | |
| Time of sunlight exposure (min/day) | 52.9 ± 41.2 | 64.0 ± 68.4 | 0.527 | † | |
| Time of sleeping (min/day) | 520.0 ± 41.7 | 533.5 ± 36.7 | 0.279 | † | |
| Distance of reading (cm) | 24.6 ± 7.8 | 24.8 ± 6.6 | 0.962 | † | |
| Club activity | Outdoor | 12 (57.1%) | 15 (75.0%) | 0.2 | †† |
| Indoor | 8 (38.1%) | 4 (20.0%) | |||
| None/unknown | 1 (4.8%) | 1 (5.0%) | |||
| Time of outdoor activity | 0≤ <30 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.522 | †† |
| before entering elementary school | |||||
| (min/day) | 30≤ <60 | 2 (9.5%) | 1 (5.0%) | ||
| 60≤ <120 | 9 (42.9%) | 6 (30.0%) | |||
| 120≤ | 10 (47.6%) | 13 (65.0%) | |||
Data represent means ± standard deviations; log MAR: Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution; VLf: violet light eyeglasses frames; SE: spherical equivalent; †: t-test; ††: Chi-square test; *: statistically significant.