Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Oct 20;12(10):1658. doi: 10.3390/life12101658

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

SARS-CoV-2 infection and alterations in the RAAS and KKS axis. SARS-CoV-2 binds to the ACE2 receptor causing its internalization. ACE2 no longer converts AngII to Ang1-7 and AngII binds to the AT1 receptor and subsequently triggers the production of p83 MAPK, caspase 3, ROS and Cyt C, which promotes apoptosis, hyperinflammation and hypertrophy. ACE2 also affects the KKS axis by affecting DEABK’s and LDEABK’s attachment to BRB1, thus leading to inflammation and coagulation. Abbreviations used: RAAS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System; AT1R: Angiotensin type 1 receptor; p83 MAPK: p83 mitogen activated protein kinase; Cyt C: Cytochrome C; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; KKS: Kinin-Kallikrein system; DEABK: [des-Arg9]-BK; LDEABK: Lys-[des-Arg9]-BK; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; COX2: cyclooxygenase 2; IL-6, IL-1β, TNFa30: proinflammatory cytokines; BRB1/2: bradykinin receptor B1/B2; BK: bradykinin; Lys-BK: Lys- bradykinin.