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. 2022 Oct 20;12(10):1658. doi: 10.3390/life12101658

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The cytokine storm. Viral entry in the cell after binding to the ACE2 receptor. After entry, the virus replicates inside the cell and activation of host innate immunity occurs. This contains the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which when uncontrolled leads to the cytokine storm. Abbreviations used: IL: interleukin; IP: interferon gamma-induced protein; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; MIP: macrophage inflammatory protein; IFN-γ: interferon gamma, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha.