Table 2.
The univariate and multivariate comparison regarding all-cause in-hospital death.
| Variable | Survived | Deceased | Univ. p Value |
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
Multiv. p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median cumulative age | 77 (67–83) | 83 (78–87) | |||
| Age > 81 § years | 133 (32.8%) § | 44 (66.7%) | <0.001 | 3.02 (1.64–5.53) | <0.001 |
| Sex (Male) | 122 (31.5%) | 15 (23.8%) | 0.240 | ||
| ED Presentation and not Ed presentation | |||||
| Antibiotic therapy | 357 (90.9%) | 52 (92.4%) | 0.684 | ||
| Previous clostridium infection | 99 (25.6%) | 19 (30.2%) | 0.443 | ||
| Fever | 145 (37.5%) | 26 (41.3%) | 0.578 | ||
| Abdominal pain | 77 (19.9%) | 11 (17.5%) | 0.734 | ||
| Vomit | 39 (10.1%) | 10 (15.9%) | 0.189 | ||
| Dyspnea | 36 (9.3%) | 16 (25.4%) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.01–3.17) | 0.047 |
| Syncope | 18 (4.7%) | 1 (1.6%) | 0.495 | ||
| Malaise/fatigue | 44 (11.4%) | 8 (12.7%) | 0.831 | ||
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 10 (2.6%) | 2 (3.2%) | 0.679 | ||
| qSOFA score | 0 [0,1] | 0 (0–1) | 0.183 | ||
| Laboratory Values | |||||
| Serum Creatinine mg/dL | 0.94 (0.67–1.52) | 1.41 (0.81–2.80) | 0.002 | ||
| Creatinine > 2.5 § mg/dL | 38 (9.4%) | 19 (28.8%) | <0.001 | 1.88 (1.07–3.29) | 0.028 |
| WBC (Cells × 109/L) | 10.7 (7.58–15.29) | 15.7 (10.44–24.36) | <0.001 | ||
| WBC > 13.31 § (Cells × 109/L) | 125 (30.8%) | 39 (59.1%) | <0.001 | 1.74 (1.03–2.94) | 0.037 |
| Serum Albumin (µmol/L) | 27 (24–32) | 24 (20–28) | <0.001 | ||
| Albumin ≤ 30 § (µmol/L) | 270 (66.5%) | 60 (90.9%) | <0.001 | 2.95 (1.25–6.93) | 0.013 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 4 (3–5) | 5 (4–6) | <0.001 | ||
| Charlson Index > 3 § | 258 (63.5%) | 58 (87.9%) | <0.001 | 1.95 (0.73–5.18) | 0.181 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 48 (12.4%) | 6 (9.5%) | 0.676 | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 50 (12.9%) | 14 (22.2%) | 0.077 | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 80 (20.7%) | 14 (22.2%) | 0.741 | ||
| Dementia | 29 (7.5%) | 8 (12.7%) | 0.211 | ||
| COPD | 44 (11.4%) | 14 (22.2%) | 0.025 | ||
| Diabetes | 48 (12.4%) | 13 (20.6%) | 0.109 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 31(8.0%) | 6 (9.5%) | 0.626 | ||
| Rheumatologic disease | 5 (1.3%) | 0 | 1.000 | ||
| HIV infection | 3 (0.8%) | 0 | 1.000 | ||
| Leukemia/Lymphoma | 13 (3.4%) | 2 (3.2%) | 1.000 | ||
| Solid Malignancy | 29 (7.5%) | 6 (9.5%) | 0.610 | ||
| Outcomes | |||||
| Length of Hospital Stay (days) | 9.5 (5.0–17.1) | 11.5 (3.8–21.0) | 0.676 |
Abbreviations: WBC—white blood cell; qSOFA—quick sequential organ failure assessment; COPD—chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. § Cutoff values were chosen according to the Youden index (J) in ROC analysis for death.