Table 2. Estimates of the dual burden of zoonoses.
| Zoonotic disease/ pathogen | Based on | Year | Country/Region | DALY | ALE | zDALY | Uncertainty and distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rabies (Lyssavirus) | Knobel et al.[18] | Human data: 1996–2000, 2003 Livestock cost: 2002 |
Africa and Asia |
Africa: 835,380 (281,198–1,387,050) Asia: 1,141,077 (3,844,311-1,898,325) Total: 1,882,387 (907,507–2,874,205) Total without PEP: 10,068,537 (5,373,433–14,747,882) |
Africa: 1858 (1661–2055) Asia: 4157 (3733–4580) Total: 7334 (6612–8055) |
Africa: 837,158 (283,087–1,388,963) Asia: 1,145,287 (388,592–1,902,310) Total: 1,889,928 (914,795–2,881,607) Total without PEP: 10,075,831 (5,380,459–14,755,386) |
90% CI Uniform distribution |
| Hampson et al.[24] | 2010 | Worldwide |
Asia 2: 368,376 (94,862–640,037) Asia 3: 462097 (94,090–833,514) Asia 4: 46619 (11,803–81,145) China: 365023 (74,959–658,747) India: 1,909,088 (453,985–3,358,527) Indonesia: 105605 (16575–193418) North Africa: 251,128 (48,721–455,977) Congo Basin: 636,550 (263,527–1,011,627) West Africa: 587,499 (224,634–952,020) SADC: 939,689 (197,503–1,673,558) Andean: 1994 (101–3898) Brazil: 998 (50–1949) Caribbean: 10459 (4308–16,672) Central America: 1493 (75–2925) Southern Cone: 503 (24–976) Eastern Europe: 2497 (128–4875) Eurasia: 206583 (54,047–359,951) Middle East: 22,594 (6822–38,167) Total: 5,916,890 (1,544,600–10,282,026) |
Asia 2: 420 (44–1611) Asia 3: 87 (0.6–453) Asia 4: 34 (6–207) China: 1448 (405–2477) India: 4580 (1439–7724) Indonesia: 22 (0–506) North Africa: 8 (0.5–73) Congo Basin: 3 (0.3–36) West Africa: 11 (0–186) SADC: 5 (0–57) Andean: 2 (0.2–11) Brazil: 3 (2–5) Caribbean: 0 (0–2) Central: 0.03 (0–5) Southern Cone: 0 (0–4) Eastern Europe: 0.12 (0–2) Eurasia: 5 (1–62) Middle East: 0.15 (0.02–3) Total: 279 (101–466) |
Asia 2: 367,849 (94,900–641,049) Asia 3: 464,757 (94,279–833,473) Asia 4: 46485 (11,854–81,205) China: 368,536 (76,900–660,044) India: 1907787 (457,488–3,364,968) Indonesia: 105,310 (16,715–193,698) North Africa: 253,229 (48,634–456,088) Congo Basin: 638,791 (263,413–1,011,283) West Africa: 587,641 (225,199–952,027) SADC: 934,682 (196,022–1,674,590) Andean: 2009 (104–3905) Brazil: 1006 (52–1952) Caribbean: 10,467 (4324–16,675) Central America: 1491 (74–2925) Southern Cone: 500 (26–975) Eastern Europe: 2509 (126–4874) Eurasia: 206,690 (54,015–360,086) Middle East: 22,532 (6848–38,182) Total: 5,920,014 (1,547,860–10,290,815) |
95% CI Uniform distribution, Poisson |
|
| Rabies (Lyssavirus) | Shwiff et al.[27] | 2005–2014 | Viet Nam | Age 26: 4956 (3432–6471); Age 31: 4450 (3086–5824); Age 36: 3955 (2744–5176) | 3985 (1485–6491) |
Age 26: 5815 (4292–7331); Age 31: 5309 (3946–6683); Age 36: 4814 (3603–6035) Total: 5316 (4382–6244) |
95% CI Uniform distribution |
| Sultanov et al.[28] | 2003–2015 Human data: 2007, 2010–2015 |
Kazakhstan |
Total: 454 (339–593) Without PEP: 7827 (4746–12074) |
Cattle: 3 (2.8–3.25) Sheep: 0.09 (0.07–0.11); Camel: 0.016 (0.009–0.03) Horse: 0.3 (0.24–0.42) Total: 3.42 (3.16–3.7) |
Cattle: 457 (342–596) Sheep: 454 (339–594) Camel: 454 (339–594) Horse: 339 (454–594) Total: 457 (342–597). Without PEP: Cattle: 7830 (4749–12,077) Sheep: 7827 (4746–12,074) Camel: 7827 (4746–12,074) Horse: 7827 (4746–12,076) Total: 7831 (4749–12,077) |
95% CI Gamma distribution | |
| Cystic echinococcosis (E. granulosus) | Budke et al.[19] | 1996–2003 | Worldwide |
Unadjusted: 292,111 (222,377–362,385) Adjusted for underreporting: 1,019,530 (869,875–1,167,877) |
Unadjusted: 2,782,397 (2,084,548–3,489,591) Adjusted for underreporting: 4,916,173(3,495,999–6,341,741) |
Unadjusted: 3,075,118 (2,371,693–3,788,135) Adjusted for underreporting: 5,935,463 (4,497,316–7,377,636) |
95% CI Uniform distribution |
| Moro et al.[22] | 2010 | Peru | 1139 | 1099 (792–1407) | 2238 (1931–2546) | 95% CI Uniform distribution | |
| Echinococcosiss: alveolar echinococcosis (E. multilocularis) and cystic echinococcosis (E. granulosus) | Budke et al.[20] | 2001–2003 | China (Shiqu County) | 1100 |
Total losses (excluding losses in calf production, carcass weight, and yak hide): 247 (214–279) Total losses (including losses in calf production, carcass weight, and yak hide): 389 (342–438) |
Total losses (excluding losses in calf production, carcass weight, and yak hide): 1347 (1314–1379) Total losses (including losses in calf production, carcass weight, and yak hide): 1490 (1442–1537) |
95% CI Uniform distribution |
| Cysticercosis (Taenia solium) | Trevisan et al.[21] | 2007 | Mozambique (Angónia district) | 2027 (1428–2761) | Without the proportion of pigs sold: 141 (81–230) Total: 47 (27–76) |
Without the proportion of pigs sold: 2173 (1569–2909) Total: 2075 (1476–2809) |
95% UI Gamma distribution |
| Praet et al.[22] | 2008 | Cameroon | 58,987 (16,329–101,231) | 568 (439–697) | 59,540 (16,896–101,803) | 95% CR Uniform distribution |
|
| Cysticercosis (Taenia solium) | Trevisan et al.[26] | 2012 | Tanzania | 30,443 (9264–72,115) | 3985 (1485–6491) | 34,455 (12,993–76,193) | 95% UI Gamma distribution; Uniform distribution |
| Brucellosis (Brucella spp) | Charypkhan et al.[29] | 2006–2015 | Kazakhstan | 713 (661–766) | 1730 (1729–1731) | 2443 (2391–2496) | 95% CI Poisson distribution |
| Brucella, Anthrax, Tularemia, CCHF, Rabies, Cystic Echinococcosis, Toxoplasmosis | Ari et al.[31] | 2016–2018 | Turkey | Brucella: 1083 (818–1314) Anthrax: 30 (0–135) Total (Brucella, Anthrax, Tularemia, CCHF, Rabies, Cystic Echinococcosis, Toxoplasmosis): 1686 (1463–2207) |
Brucella large ruminant: 1410 (840–3324) Brucella small ruminant: 265 (119–831) Brucella total: 1675 (959–4155) Anthrax large ruminant: 116 (97–240) Anthrax small ruminant: 56 (46–111) Anthrax total: 3176 (1103–7456) Total: 1851 (1104–4500) |
Brucella large ruminant: 2493 (1659–4637) Brucella small ruminant: 1348 (937–2144) Brucella total: 2758 (1778–5467) Anthrax large ruminant: 127 (116–375) Anthrax small ruminant: 76 (56–246) Anthrax total: 173 (166–486) Total: 3538 (2567–6706) |
95% CI Poisson distribution |
| Q fever (Coxiella burnetti) | van Asseldonk et al.[25] | 2007–2011 | Netherlands | 2833 (1071–4603) | 2.86 (1.07–4.6) | 2843 (1071–4603) | 95% CI Uniform distribution |
| Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp) | Sanhueza et al.[30] | 2013–2019 | New Zealand |
At risk of leptospirosis: 14.07 (95% PI: 1.86–80.73) Not at risk of leptospirosis: 3.69 (95% PI: 0.49–21.20) Total: 17.76 (95% PI: 2.35–101.93) |
178 |
At risk of leptospirosis: 192 Not at risk of leptospirosis: 182 Total: 196 |
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The sum of values may not be exact since they are based on estimations randomly generated. Most values are rounded to two significant figures.