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A) Illustration of proper balance of dorsal/ventral proliferation. Pax3 acts to increase proliferation dorsally, while Phactr4 acts to inhibit proliferation ventrally. B) Mice lacking Phactr4 display abnormal ventral NE proliferation (unexpected cells shown in red). Buildup of cells ventrally changes the geometry, which does not allow proper neural fold bending and inhibits closure.
