Table 1.
MIS-C circulating biomarkers altered.
| Category | Biomarkers | References |
|---|---|---|
| Antibodies | Anti-spike IgG e IgA | [46] |
| Acute phase reactants | ↑ C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, ferritin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate | [5,41,44,47] |
| Coagulation | ↑ D-dimer, fibrinogen, prothrombin T, partial thromboplastin time | [41,47,48,49] |
| Cardiac function | ↑ Troponin, brain type natriuretic peptide (BNP), Pro-BNP | [39,43,50,51] |
| Cytokines | ↑ IL-1a, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-33, TNF-a, IFNγ | [48,51,52,53,54,55] |
| Chemokines | ↑ CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, MCP-1 | [42,48,56,57,58] |
| Monocytes | ↓ Monocyte HLA-DR and CD86+ | [52,69] |
| Dendritic cells | ↓ Plasmacytoid dendritic cells | [56,69] |
| Platelets | ↓ Total count of platelets | [24,50,53,70] |
| Neutrophils | ↑ Total count of neutrophils | [24,59,60,61,62,71] |
| Natural killer | ↓ CD16+, CD56+ ↑ CD38+ |
[60,69,72] |
| Lymphocytes B | ↑ Plasmablasts, naive B cells | [59,60,73] |
| Lymphocytes T | ↓ CD4+, CD8+ | [52,62,73,74,75] |
| Other laboratory markers | ↓ Albumin, sodium ↑ Lactate dehydrogenase, alanine transaminase, creatinine, triglycerides, creatine kinase, blood urea nitrogen, zonulin |
[26,41,44,45,48,63,64,65,66,67] |
Upward arrows indicate increased biomarker levels. Down arrows indicate decreased biomarker levels.