Table 2.
Baseline characteristics, laboratory results and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients from 2022 categorized by disease severity. Data are n (%), and median (interquartile range, IQR), unless specified otherwise.
| Asymptomatic | Symptomatic but Did Not Require Oxygen Therapy | Required Oxygen Therapy but Did Not Deteriorate | Clinically Deteriorated |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 41 | 86 | 68 | 71 | |
| Age (years) | 70.0 (40.0, 81.0) | 71.0 (42.0, 83.0) | 73.0 (67.0, 79.5) | 73.0 (62.0, 83.0) | 0.011 |
| Male | 21 (51.2%) | 34 (39.5%) | 41 (60.3%) | 42 (59.2%) | 0.034 |
| Fully vaccinated (>=2 doses) | 34 (82.9%) | 73 (84.9%) | 60 (88.2%) | 49 (69.0%) | 0.019 |
| Days from symptom onset to admission | 3.0 (1.0, 9.0) | 3.0 (1.0, 6.0) | 6.5 (3.0, 9.0) | 4.0 (2.0, 8.0) | 0.19 * |
| Hypertension | 16 (39.0%) | 34 (39.5%) | 43 (63.2%) | 38 (53.5%) | 0.013 |
| Diabetes | 11 (26.8%) | 26 (30.2%) | 32 (47.1%) | 31 (43.7%) | 0.052 |
| COPD | 2 (4.9%) | 3 (3.5%) | 8 (11.8%) | 10 (14.1%) | 0.068 |
| IHD | 5 (12.2%) | 14 (16.3%) | 19 (27.9%) | 18 (25.4%) | 0.12 |
| CKD | 2 (4.9%) | 15 (17.4%) | 12 (17.6%) | 17 (23.9%) | 0.085 |
| CCF | 3 (7.3%) | 13 (15.1%) | 7 (10.3%) | 11 (15.5%) | 0.50 |
| Malignancy | 4 (9.8%) | 6 (7.0%) | 4 (5.9%) | 9 (12.7%) | 0.48 |
| Smoking history | 0.093 | ||||
| Non-smoker | 21 (61.8%) | 54 (72.0%) | 32 (52.5%) | 35 (54.7%) | |
| Smoker | 5 (14.7%) | 6 (8.0%) | 9 (14.8%) | 4 (6.2%) | |
| Ex-smoker | 8 (23.5%) | 15 (20.0%) | 20 (32.8%) | 25 (39.1%) | |
| Weight (kg) | 70.0 (63.0, 86.0) | 75.0 (66.8, 89.0) | 79.0 (74.0, 95.8) | 79.5 (67.0, 103.0) | 0.004 * |
| Venous thrombosis | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.3%) | 1 (1.5%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.80 |
| Arterial thrombosis | 2 (4.9%) | 2 (2.3%) | 8 (11.8%) | 3 (4.2%) | 0.076 |
| Intensive care unit | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 23 (32.4%) | <0.001 |
| Assisted ventilation | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 59 (83.1%) | <0.001 |
| Death caused by COVID-19 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 18 (27.7%) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L), mean (SD) | 128.4 (24.7) | 130.2 (18.6) | 137.7 (16.5) | 132.2 (20.5) | 0.07 * |
| Neutrophils (×109/L) | 4.5 (2.9, 6.7) | 4.2 (3.2, 6.3) | 4.3 (3.3, 6.3) | 4.8 (3.2, 6.8) | 0.25 * |
| Lymphocytes (×109/L) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.001 * |
| Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio | 4.2 (2.3, 6.8) | 4.2 (3.1, 8.2) | 4.2 (2.9, 6.8) | 4.6 (2.9, 7.7) | 0.47 * |
| Platelets (×109/L) | 247.0 (166.0, 305.0) | 218.5 (163.0, 275.0) | 199.5 (158.5, 234.5) | 190.0 (141.0, 243.0) | 0.007 * |
| Creatinine (µmol/L), | 71.0 (58.0, 97.0) | 84.5 (62.0, 115.5) | 93.0 (67.0, 114.0) | 92.0 (67.0, 135.0) | 0.32 * |
| AST (units/L) | 31.0 (24.0, 48.0) | 34.0 (26.0, 48.0) | 41.0 (29.0, 57.0) | 43.0 (32.0, 65.0) | <0.001 * |
| Bilirubin (µmol/L) | 10.5 (7.0, 13.0) | 9.0 (7.0, 13.0) | 9.0 (7.0, 14.0) | 9.0 (6.0, 12.0) | 0.19 * |
| Ferritin (ug/L) | 168.0 (77.0, 316.0) | 242.0 (79.5, 468.0) | 510.0 (243.0, 905.0) | 483.5 (259.5, 1098.0) | <0.001 * |
| LDH (units/L) | 220.0 (187.0, 310.0) | 247.5 (210.0, 327.5) | 304.0 (227.0, 376.0) | 397.5 (284.0, 502.0) | <0.001 * |
| CRP (mg/L) | 9.5 (2.5, 29.0) | 17.0 (6.0, 45.0) | 64.0 (19.0, 104.5) | 86.0 (39.0, 130.0) | <0.001 * |
| D-dimer (mg/L FEU) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.4) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.7) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.2) | 0.07 * |
| OCP (units) | 50.9 (43.0, 59.5) | 53.0 (43.2, 70.1) | 69.7 (53.3, 91.7) | 70.8 (45.0, 84.1) | 0.001 * |
| OHP (units) | 13.2 (9.3, 18.5) | 15.0 (10.3, 23.2) | 19.8 (13.3, 30.8) | 22.7 (12.9, 35.4) | <0.001 * |
| OFP (%) | 74.0 (69.5, 78.6) | 72.4 (65.3, 78.3) | 71.8 (62.5, 76.5) | 67.3 (56.0, 74.5) | <0.001 * |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD, ischemic heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CCF, congestive cardiac failure; AST, aspartate transaminase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CRP, C-reactive protein; OCP, overall coagulation potential; OHP, overall hemostatic potential; OFP, overall fibrinolytic potential. * p-values adjusted for sex and age; boldened values signify p < 0.05.