Table 2.

Main outcomes of the in vivo studies on UA toxicity.

Pramyothin et al. [27]	Wistar albino rats	50 or 200 mg/kg for 5 days	No changes in transaminase level
			Mitochondria and ER damage with the highest dose of UA
Joseph et al. [37]	B6C3F mice	0, 60, 180, and 600 ppm for 2 weeks	Induction of genes associated with complexes I through IV of the electron transport chain
			Overexpression of genes associated with fatty acid oxidation, Krebs cycle, apoptosis, and membrane transporters
Lu et al. [38]	Wistar rats	100, 200, and 240 mg/kg for 8 days	Increased liver/body weight ratio
			Signs of diffuse hepatocyte degeneration with the highest doses of UA
			Changes in energy, amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide metabolism
Liu et al. [39]	Wistar rats	100 and 240 mg/kg for 10 days	Changes in expression of proteins related to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism
Moreira et al. [40]	Wistar rats	Infusion of liver with solutions 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 μM at an infusion rate of 10 μL/min	Increase of oxygen consumption, decrease of ATP level, and inhibition of gluconeogenesis at lower UA concentration
			Inhibition of mitochondrial electron flow and medium-chain fatty acid oxidation at highest UA concentrations