Figure 4.
The large morning meal on the ML diet resulted in greater changes in appetite hormones (suppression of hunger hormone ghrelin and increase in satiety hormones) and slower gastric emptying compared to the smaller morning meal on the EL diet
(A) Appetite hormones measured at the end of each diet phase. Samples collected before, 0 h, and 2 h after the breakfast meal. Values expressed as mean ± SEM. Bars with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
(B) Gastric emptying measured using 13C octanoic acid breath test shown as cumulative excretion of contents from the stomach over time.
EL, evening loaded; ML, morning loaded.