REAGENT or RESOURCE	SOURCE	IDENTIFIER
Biological samples
Human Blood and Urine Samples	This paper	N/A
Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins
13C Octanoic Acid	CK Isotopes Ltd, Leicestershire, UK	1-13C, 99%, CLM-293-5
O18-Water 10%	Cortecnet, Voisins-Le-Bretonneux, France	CO5261P1000
Deuterium Oxide, 99.8% - filtered	Cortecnet, Voisins-Le-Bretonneux, France	CD5254P1000
(2-Aminoethyl)-Benzene Sulfonyl Fluoride hydrochloride	AEBSF; Sigma Aldrich, Dorset, UK	11429868001
DiPeptidyl Peptidase IV soluble inhibitor	DPPIV; Merck Millipore (UK) Ltd, Watford, UK	DPP4-010
Protease Inhibitor Cocktail	Sigma Aldrich, Dorset, UK	P2714-1BTL
Critical commercial assays
Insulin assays	ELISA; Mercodia AB, Uppsala, Sweden	10-1113-01
Diabetes Antigen Control Human (Low/High) for insulin assay	Mercodia AB, Uppsala, Sweden	10-1164-01
Glucose	Konelab 30 selective chemistry analyser (Thermo Scientific, Basingstoke, UK)	N/A
Lipid Profile	Konelab 30 selective chemistry analyser (Thermo Scientific, Basingstoke, UK)	N/A
Human Total GIP kit	MesoScale Discovery (MSD) Rockville, MD, USA	K151RPD1
Human Total Ghrelin kit	EMD Millipore Corporation, St Louis, Missouri 63103, USA	#EZGRT-89K, #EZGRA-89BK
Human Total PYY kit	MesoScale Discovery (MSD) Rockville, MD, USA	K151MPD1
Total GLP-1	MesoScale Discovery (MSD) Rockville, MD, USA	K150JVC
Deposited data
All data used in figures and supplemental figures are available to download, as the Data S1 file.	N/A	N/A
Software and algorithms
R version 3.6.3 and version 4.0.5	R Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria	https://www.r-project.org/
Genstat 17 Release 17.1	Lawes Agricultural Trust, VSN international Ltd, Hemel Hempstead, UK	https://www.vsni.co.uk/software/genstat
Actigraph software	Actilife5 Analysis Suite; Actigraph LLC, Pensacola, USA	https://actigraphcorp.com
WinDiets software	Professional Version, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK, 2017	https://www.rgu.ac.uk/windiets
Quark RMR software	Omnia stand-alone system, COSMED, Rome, Italy	version 1.3, Firmware 4; https://www.cosmed.com/
BodPod system software	COSMED, Rome, Italy	version 5.4.3; https://www.cosmed.com/
dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) software	Lunar enCORE software; GE Medical Systems Lunar, Madison, USA	version 12.3
CareLink iPro Therapy Management Software (CGMS; web-based system)	Medtronic MiniMed, Northridge, USA	MMT-7340; https://carelink.minimed.eu/ipro/hcp/login.jsf?bhcp=1
Other
Stadiometer	Holtain, Crymych, Dyfed, Wales	N/A
Digital Weight Scale	C.M.S. Weighing Equipment, London, UK	DIGI DS-410
Blood Pressure Monitor	Omron Healthcare, Bannockburn, IL	Omron M5-1
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)	Lunar Prodigy/DXA ,GE healthcare, USA	https://www.gehealthcare.com/products/bone-and-metabolic-health/prodigy
BodPod	COSMED, Rome, Italy	#2007A; https://www.cosmed.com/en/products/body-composition/bod-pod
Actigraph (Accelerometers)	Actigraph LLC, Pensacola, USA	GT3X+
Continuous Glucose Monitors (iPro2 digital recorder with Enlite sensors)	Medtronic MiniMed, Northridge, USA	MMT7741 (sensors MMT-7008)
CGMS Docking system	Medtronic MiniMed, Northridge, USA	MMT-7742
Portable glucose monitor	Contour Next BGMS, Ascensia Diabetes Care	https://diabetes.ascensia.com.au/products/contour-next-connected/
RMR with ventilated hood system	Quark RMR, COSMED, Rome, Italy	C09074-01-99 (2012100288 and 2016031059)