Table 2.

Measures of heart rate, heart rate variability, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulins resistance (HOMA-IR) and different inflammation markers of interest and their association.

	HbA1c	FPG	Insulin	HOMA-IR	hs-CRP	IL-18	WBC
Whole study population (N = 633)
RMSSD	− 0.13†	− 0.06	− 0.02	− 0.05	− 0.08*	− 0.02	− 0.06
pNN50	− 0.11†	− 0.06	− 0.02	− 0.04	− 0.07	− 0.03	− 0.07
SDNN	− 0.10*	− 0.06	− 0.03	− 0.05	− 0.17†	− 0.01	− 0.17†
24H HR	0.11†	0.09*	0.05	0.06	0.22†	0.05	0.19‡
HOMA-IR	0.25†	0.51†	0.97†	NA	0.11*	0.11†	0.13†
Participants with diabetes (N = 131)
RMSSD	− 0.21†	− 0.05	0.03	− 0.02	− 0.11	− 0.05	− 0.10
pNN50	− 0.19*	− 0.01	0.08	0.03	− 0.09	− 0.10	− 0.13
SDNN	− 0.09	0.06	0.05	0.02	− 0.30†	− 0.16	− 0.24†
24H HR	0.11	0.001	− 0.03	− 0.01	0.34†	− 0.08	0.19*
HOMA-IR	0.11	0.53†	0.94†	NA	0.06	0.05	− 0.05
Participants with pre− diabetes (N = 372)
RMSSD	− 0.11*	− 0.05	− 0.03	− 0.04	− 0.05	− 0.002	− 0.05
pNN50	− 0.11*	− 0.06	− 0.06	− 0.07	− 0.05	− 0.01	− 0.04
SDNN	− 0.09	− 0.05	− 0.10*	− 0.10*	− 0.09	− 0.05	− 0.13†
24H HR	0.13†	0.07	0.11*	0.11*	0.20†	0.13*	0.21†
HOMA-IR	0.05	0.48†	0.99†	NA	0.09	0.12*	0.15†
Participants with normal glucose metabolism (N = 130)
RMSSD	− 0.04	0.02	0.05	0.05	− 0.09	0.06	0.005
pNN50	− 0.04	0.05	0.08	0.08	− 0.09	0.04	− 0.03
SDNN	− 0.009	− 0.06	0.20*	0.20*	− 0.20*	0.02	− 0.17
24H HR	0.12	0.13	− 0.08	− 0.07	0.15	− 0.05	0.15
HOMA-IR	− 0.1	0.16*	0.99†	NA	0.01	− 0.02	− 0.01

Results are presented as correlation coefficient (r).

hs-CRP High sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL18 Interleukin-18, WBC White blood cell count, FPG Fasting plasma glucose, HOMA-IR Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, SDNN Standard deviation of normal-normal complexes, RMSSD Root mean square of successive normal-normal interval differences, pNN50 proportion of NN intervals which differs by more than 50 ms, 24H HR 24-h heart rate. Derived from MEAN_NN: MEAN_NN/60.000 = Average HR.

*p < 0.05.

^†p < 0.01.