a Autophagy status was evaluated by autophagy scores based on gene lists from 6 databases in the 6 public datasets. ‘Yes’ (check mark) indicates a gene list validated for autophagy status; ‘No’ (x) indicates a gene list invalidated. b Venn diagram of autophagy-related gene lists from the 4 better-performing databases. c Autophagy scores of 6 datasets based on 37-gene set signature in the autophagy score-high group (red) and autophagy score-low group (blue). Two-sided student’s t test was used to assess the difference; P < 0.05. d Correlations between autophagy scores based on the 37-gene set and gene sets from MSigDB, HADB, HAMDB, and ncRDeathDB among TCGA tumor samples. Color intensity indicates Spearman correlation coefficient (Rs); rectangle size indicates FDR for Spearman correlation; FDR < 0.05; the absence of the rectangle means non-significance (FDR > 0.05). The Benjamini & Hochberg method was used for multiple hypothesis testing. Abbreviations: ACC Adrenocortical carcinoma, BLCA Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma, BRCA Breast invasive carcinoma, CESC Cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma, CHOL Cholangiocarcinoma, COAD Colon adenocarcinoma, DLBC Lymphoid neoplasm diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, ESCA Esophageal carcinoma, GBM Glioblastoma, HNSC Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma, KICH Kidney chromophobe, KIRC Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, KIRP Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma, LAML Acute Myeloid Leukemia, LGG Brain lower grade glioma, LIHC Liver hepatocellular carcinoma, LUAD Lung adenocarcinoma, LUSC Lung squamous cell carcinoma, MESO Mesothelioma, OV Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma, PAAD Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, PCPG Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, PRAD Prostate adenocarcinoma, READ Rectum adenocarcinoma, SARC Sarcoma, SKCM Skin Cutaneous Melanoma, STAD Stomach adenocarcinoma, THCA Thyroid carcinoma, TGCT Testicular germ cell tumors, THYM Thymoma, UCEC Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma, UCS Uterine carcinosarcoma, UVM Uveal melanoma, CML Chronic myelogenous leukemia.