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. 2022 Oct 13;9:1016420. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1016420

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Copyright © 2022 Williams, Khan and Claydon.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cardio-postural causality. (A) Example tracing of simultaneously recorded systolic arterial pressure (SAP), calf electromyography (EMG), and center of pressure (COPr) signals. (B) Convergence plot of causality between signals over time during a quiet upright standing trial. Causality between signals, as calculated from the convergent cross mapping method (130, 135, 136), was measured on a scale between 0 and 1 (unitless). Gray shading indicates stabilization period following upright stance. Adapted from Verma et al. (137).